司法 · “北溪”审判

“北溪”审判开庭,辩方质疑破坏行为是否构成犯罪

谢尔希·库兹涅佐夫否认参与管道爆炸事件。汉堡审判开庭之际,他的律师也质疑袭击是否构成犯罪,而有关乌克兰国家指挥行动的指控仍未得到证实。

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1 篇报道28 家媒体33 个来源3 个视频

德国检方称,谢尔希·库兹涅佐夫协助袭击民用基础设施。他的辩护方则称,摧毁俄罗斯基础设施或许根本不构成犯罪。这场交锋于2026年10月14日在汉堡开启了首宗针对“北溪”管道破坏事件的刑事审判,当天他的律师要求撤销指控。9 13

库兹涅佐夫否认参与此事。律师有条件地质疑袭击是否构成犯罪,并不等于承认他实施了袭击;他们提出的请求也不等于指控已被撤销。现有的开庭日报道既未证实法院裁定接受或驳回该请求,也未报道判决结果。乌克兰也否认对爆炸事件负责。9 13 5

汉堡汉萨高等地区法院的诉讼,使案件超越了BBC新闻和自由欧洲电台/自由电台10月13日关于计划开庭日期的报道。《卫报》、美联社和法新社现已报道审判开始。尚未解决的问题远不止日程安排:个人责任、袭击的合法性,以及乌克兰国家机构指挥行动这一指控。1 7 5 9 12

撤销指控请求背后的论点

据报道,指控包括战争罪共犯、袭击民用基础设施、造成爆炸、破坏财产和扰乱公共服务。BBC新闻将战争罪指控的法律依据描述为:根据德国《国际法犯罪法》,以军事手段袭击民用物体。此处无法取得完整起诉书,因此不应将这些描述视为对具体法条或各项指控的精确说明。5 1

与检方的说法相对,路透社的开庭日报道(由Quews News和《海峡时报》转载)称,律师辩称,炸毁俄罗斯基础设施或许不构成犯罪。另外,法新社报道称,一名辩护律师将俄罗斯对管道的使用称为用于施加政治和经济压力的“武器”。13 17 16

这一说法属于辩方主张,并非司法裁定,不能据此认定这些管道是合法的军事目标。现有报道没有透露该律师的姓名,没有提供完整的直接引语,没有指明某项具体的战斗员豁免原则,也没有报道检方对此的回应。这一区别很重要:声称行动出于战时目的,本身并不能确定目标的法律地位,也不能确定被告是否承担责任。9 13 16

在法庭外,一小群亲乌克兰示威者主张,瘫痪管道削弱了莫斯科为战争提供资金的能力。他们提出的理由与检方所指称的动机相呼应。但这并不能证实是谁安放了装置、袭击是否合法,或袭击实际阻止了多少俄罗斯收入。2 3

检方对水下发生情况的指控

2022年9月26日,波罗的海丹麦博恩霍尔姆岛附近海底发生爆炸,连接俄罗斯和德国的天然气管道受损。据自由欧洲电台/自由电台报道的起诉摘要,计划始于2022年2月下旬,当时据称库兹涅佐夫和其他军方人员制定了一项永久停止“北溪”天然气输送的计划。5 7

检方指称,该计划是代表“乌克兰国家当局”实施的;BBC新闻则将这一指控描述为奉乌克兰国家机构之命采取行动。这两种表述都无法证实涉及哪个机构、由谁授权行动,或将官方决定与被指控执行行动的人联系起来的指挥链是什么。总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基否认乌克兰参与其中。7 1 5

库兹涅佐夫被控协助组织并实施行动,包括带领一组潜水员。一些报道称他是被指称的幕后策划者,但这一说法指的是行动层面的责任,并不能证明他提出了政治决定或下达了最终命令。7月有关起诉的报道还提到一项据称使用游艇实施的行动;其身份和航线尚未得到充分证实,无法进一步详述。12 4 15

《卫报》报道的指控称,至少有4个装置被引爆,每个重达27公斤,爆炸发生在海面下约80米处。美联社称其为炸弹,《卫报》则称其为燃烧装置。这些描述并未明确其确切技术分类或构成;每个装置的最大重量和大致深度也并非都已逐一测定的数值。5 3

已发表的报道对损毁情况的描述也不尽相同。BBC新闻10月13日的报道说,4条管线中有3条被摧毁;欧洲新闻台10月14日的报道则说有3条受损。《卫报》报道,“北溪1号”遭到严重破坏,“北溪2号”也受到损坏。较为审慎且有依据的说法是管线受损,不应据此假定每条受影响的管线都被彻底摧毁。这是袭击造成的历史后果,并非审判期间重新统计的损毁情况。1 2 5

证据仍有待解释

据报道,库兹涅佐夫现年50岁,曾是乌克兰陆军军官或特种部队士兵。他的确切军衔、所属部队和服役日期尚未得到证实。本文使用谢尔希·库兹涅佐夫这一姓名;已发表报道中也有Sergei Kuznitsov和Sergiy Kuznietsov等拼法,德国案件报道则使用Serhii K.。这些写法并不能证明指的是不同被告。12 9 18 2 11

从爆炸现场到法庭

  1. 2022年9月26日

    爆炸致博恩霍尔姆附近的“北溪”管道受损。

    5
  2. 2025年8月

    库兹涅佐夫在意大利度假期间被捕。

    5
  3. 2025年末

    他从意大利被引渡至德国。

    11
  4. 2026年10月14日

    首宗“北溪”破坏案审判在汉堡开庭;辩护律师要求撤销指控。

    59

法国24台报道称,检方引用了在库兹涅佐夫手机上发现的航海图,以及其智能手表中的信息。现有的原始记录没有说明这些内容、来源、时间,或其与破坏事件的确切关联。报道称存在此类材料,并不能证明他参与了袭击。4

同一名记者还报道称,库兹涅佐夫每天有23小时被单独关押。这一情况尚未得到独立证实。如果属实,这意味着在审理指控期间,他每天大部分时间都与他人隔离,而不是在定罪后服刑。4

一名被告,更大范围的调查仍无定论

自由欧洲电台/自由电台报道称,检方已确认7名乌克兰嫌疑人,但本案诉讼中只有库兹涅佐夫受审。法国24台10月14日的报道称,他是唯一被捕者;克罗地亚另一起涉及弗拉基米尔·茹拉夫洛夫的案件与此说法相矛盾。茹拉夫洛夫于2026年8月在普拉被捕。路透社的一张照片显示,茹拉夫洛夫于8月20日在当地出席听证会,但未证实他的确切被捕日期。7 4 27 25

克罗地亚报纸《晚报》报道称,9月引渡申请获批,辩方宣布将提出上诉。Hromadske和Censor.NET将裁决日期列为9月18日,书面裁决送达日期列为9月23日,但这些精确日期来自同一报道链条,而非独立可查的法院记录。各方有3天时间向高等刑事法院提起上诉;是否实际提交上诉及其处理结果尚未得到证实。26 27 28 32

9月30日,《晨报》援引茹拉夫洛夫律师的话报道称,他已在克罗地亚申请庇护,因为他不认为自己能在德国受到公正审判。这是辩方的立场,并非对德国司法的裁定。批准引渡也不代表移交已经完成:他目前的羁押地点、该决定是否已成为最终决定、他是否已抵达德国,以及是否会并入汉堡案件,均未得到核实。30 31

《卫报》报道称,已安排的庭审日期共16天,至12月17日(含当日),1月和2月可能还会有更多听证。自由欧洲电台/自由电台此前所称至少到2月每周开庭两次,提供的是更宽泛的暂定时间范围,并非逐场听证日程。12月17日并不是承诺的审结或宣判日期。5 7

已知

  • 审判已经开庭,库兹涅佐夫否认参与此事,其律师已请求撤销指控。 59

未知

  • 尚无已确定的判决或撤销指控的裁定;尚未证实乌克兰国家机构内部存在授权链条;茹拉夫洛夫尚未确认已被移交。

后续

  • 证据能否证明库兹涅佐夫个人所起的作用,以及法院将如何裁决辩方对行为是否构成犯罪的质疑。

本案必须将三个问题分开:谁实施了袭击、谁授权了袭击,以及被指控的行为是否构成犯罪。能够回答其中一个问题的证据或许也与另一个问题相关,但不能取而代之。国籍、政治理由或“幕后策划者”这一标签,都不能弥补缺失的证据。

本报道的消息来源

BBC新闻的庭审前瞻 1 11 和调查报道 18;欧洲新闻台的法庭报道 2;美联社的视频报道 3、开庭日文章 9 和背景报道 10;法国24台记者的报道 4。

《卫报》的庭审报道 5 和欧洲新闻实时报道 6;自由欧洲电台/自由电台的起诉摘要和庭审前瞻 7;《“北溪”审判周三在汉堡开庭》8。

法新社的开庭报道 12 和辩方报道 16;路透社报道的转载版本,刊于Quews News 13、《海峡时报》17 和WIFC 23;《国家报》的庭审报道 14;《汉堡安泽格报》转载的法新社报道 19。

半岛电视台7月有关起诉的报道 15 和10月庭审报道 33;Diplomacy and Law关于“北溪”审判的文章 20。

克罗地亚诉讼报道,来源包括h.ua 21、Pollar 22、NRB 24、路透社 25、《晚报》26 27、Hromadske 28、Narodni Reporteri 29、《晨报》30、European Pravda 31 和Censor.NET 32。

播出原貌 24 行
  1. Serhii Kuznetsov's lawyers want the Nord Stream sabotage charges thrown out.
  2. German prosecutors accuse him of helping attack civilian infrastructure on behalf of Ukrainian state authorities. The case reaches into the question of state responsibility for explosions that damaged pipelines connecting Russia and Germany.
  3. The court must decide whether the evidence proves his role and whether the attack was criminal.
  4. Kuznetsov appeared at Hamburg's Hanseatic Higher Regional Court on October 14, becoming the first suspect to reach trial. He's 50 and a former Ukrainian army officer, also described as a former special forces soldier.
  5. His lawyers sought dismissal, arguing that destroying Russian infrastructure might not have been a crime. A defense lawyer also said Russia used the pipelines as a political and economic weapon. Prosecutors treat the operation as an attack on civilian infrastructure.
  6. Kuznetsov denies involvement. His lawyers' challenge to the attack's legality sits alongside that denial.
  7. He faces accusations of being an accomplice to war crimes, causing an explosion, damaging property and disrupting public services. The war-crime accusation concerns an alleged attack on civilian objects by military means, under Germany's law covering crimes against international law.
  8. The explosions struck beneath the Baltic Sea near the Danish island of Bornholm on September 26, 2022. Nord Stream carried gas infrastructure between Russia and Germany. Prosecutors say the operation aimed to stop those deliveries permanently.
  9. The blasts damaged three of the four pipeline lines. Descriptions differ over whether to call that damage or destruction. Nord Stream 1 was badly damaged, and Nord Stream 2 was also damaged.
  10. Prosecutors allege that at least four devices were detonated near Bornholm, about 80 metres underwater. The devices allegedly weighed up to 27 kilograms each. Those figures describe a maximum weight and an approximate depth.
  11. Prosecutors accuse Kuznetsov of helping organize and execute the operation, including leading a group of divers. Some descriptions call him the alleged mastermind. The role alleged against him concerns organizing the operation; who authorized it is still unresolved.
  12. A July account of the charges also described an alleged operation using a yacht. Prosecutors place the planning in late February 2022, when Kuznetsov and other military personnel allegedly worked on a plan to halt Nord Stream deliveries.
  13. They allege the plan was undertaken on behalf of Ukrainian state authorities. Their explanation of the motive is to prevent Russian gas revenue from helping finance Russia's war in Ukraine. That puts an alleged wartime objective at the center of a case about civilian infrastructure.
  14. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has denied Ukraine's involvement in the blasts. Ukraine's denial confronts the prosecution's allegation of state direction, while Kuznetsov denies his own participation. The court will have to assess the evidence against him.
  15. Kuznetsov was arrested while on holiday in Italy in August 2025 and extradited to Germany late that year. His October 14 court appearance in Hamburg follows that international arrest and surrender process. The trial now tests the accusations against him.
  16. Prosecutors reportedly cite nautical charts found on Kuznetsov's phone and information from his smartwatch. Their contents and connection to the attack are unclear. Those claims will need to be assessed alongside the rest of the case.
  17. Kuznetsov is reportedly held in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day, although those conditions haven't been confirmed. If accurate, he spends most of each day apart from other people while his case is being tried.
  18. Prosecutors have identified seven Ukrainian suspects, but only Kuznetsov is on trial in these proceedings. Another suspect has also been arrested. Volodymyr Zhuravlov's separate case is moving through the Croatian courts.
  19. Zhuravlov was arrested in Pula, Croatia, in August 2026. A court photograph places him at a hearing there on August 20. Croatia approved his extradition to Germany in September, and his lawyers announced an appeal.
  20. The extradition decision is reported as September 18, with the written ruling delivered to the parties on September 23. They had three days to appeal to Croatia's High Criminal Court. The announced appeal's outcome is unclear.
  21. On September 30, Zhuravlov's lawyer said he had sought asylum in Croatia because he didn't expect a fair trial in Germany. Whether he's since been handed over, or will join the Hamburg proceedings, hasn't been confirmed.
  22. A small group of pro-Ukrainian demonstrators gathered outside the Hamburg court. They argued that disabling the pipelines weakened Moscow's ability to fund its war. Their argument echoes the alleged motive, but the prosecution still has to prove its case.
  23. Kuznetsov's responsibility and the defense's challenge to criminality await the court's judgment. No decision on the dismissal request has been announced, and there's no verdict. The allegation of Ukrainian state direction still leaves open who, if anyone, authorized the attack within those institutions.
  24. The court has 16 trial dates scheduled through December 17. An earlier schedule described twice-weekly hearings until at least February. December 17 therefore isn't a promised finish. Further hearings are likely in January and February.

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