政治 · 临时保护身份
乌克兰和苏丹TPS持有者继续受到保护,文书问题仍待解决
超过100,000名受益人在国土安全部权衡两个项目的未来期间继续受到保护。尚未解决的问题是,工人将如何证明自己继续享有谋生的权利。
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对于登记在临时保护身份(TPS)项目中的乌克兰和苏丹移民,眼下的消息是,他们仍受到保护,不会被驱逐出境。尚未解决的问题是,当政府现有的文书办理说明到期后,他们如何证明自己继续享有工作权利。保护承诺至关重要,能够向雇主出示文件、确保工资收入不中断也同样重要。
国土安全部于10月18日(星期日)告诉CBS新闻,这两个项目的受益人都将“继续受到保护”,直到公布最终决定。他们现有的指定期限原定于2026年10月19日结束。国土安全部的保证意味着,届时并非所有登记受益人都会突然失去保护并面临驱逐。但该部门既没有给出新的固定截止日期,也没有说明何时会决定这两个项目的未来。该部门表示,最终决定将在“适当的时候作出”。1
即使没有新近核实的人数统计,受影响的规模也相当大。CBS报道称,截至2025年3月,有超过100,000名乌克兰人和约1,800名苏丹人持有TPS。这些是有日期的数字,并非2026年10月的最新人口统计。1
此次延续保护也不同于政府整体上收缩TPS的做法。据CBS报道,政府已撤销来自十多个国家、超过一百万移民的保护,其中包括阿富汗、海地和委内瑞拉。官员认为,这项临时计划被延期得太频繁,并助长非法移民。萨尔瓦多受益人的项目上月接近到期后,在最终公告发布之前,他们也继续受到保护。1
保护与证明是两回事
国会于1990年设立TPS,为符合条件、因本国面临武装冲突、灾害或其他导致返国不安全的情况而无法回国的人提供临时保护。该项目既可涵盖合法身份入境者,也可涵盖无合法身份入境者。最后惯常居住在指定国家的符合条件无国籍人士也可获得资格。这项保护面向符合项目要求的人,并非给予某一国籍所有人的一揽子福利。1 31
乌克兰首次被指定适用TPS的日期是2022年4月19日,当时俄罗斯已发动全面入侵。苏丹的指定则始于1997年11月4日,理由是武装冲突以及异常和暂时的状况。两国经历不同,如今却面临同一个悬而未决的行政截止日期。2 3
如今最具实际影响的区别,在于身份、工作授权与授权证明三者并不相同。TPS法规在受益人身份有效期间保护其免遭驱逐,并规定工作授权在整个期间内有效。就业授权文件(EAD)是该权利的证明。文件上印制的到期日不能与底层保护期限混为一谈。31
因此,仅凭旧文件上的到期说明,无法证明国土安全部更新的保证已经失效。同样,这项保证也不会自动告知雇主应在核验系统中填写哪个新的到期日。
2025年1月17日刊登于《联邦公报》的通知,将两国的指定期限都延长了18个月,从2025年4月20日至2026年10月19日。现有符合条件的受益人必须在2025年1月17日至3月18日期间重新登记。过去这段60天的申请期是对受益人的要求,并非政府审查各国情况的另一个截止日期。通知警告称,未按规定重新登记可能导致个人TPS在适当程序后被撤销。2 3
这些通知为符合条件并重新登记、提交申请的人提供了有效期至2026年10月19日的新工作卡。但某些旧卡的自动延期仅持续到2026年4月19日。乌克兰方面,较早的延期涵盖到期日为2023年或2025年某些指定日期的A12或C19卡;苏丹方面,则涵盖相应类别以及从2017年至2025年列出的9个日期。两者都不是将所有过期许可证无限期延期。2 3
通知还承认,处理延误可能导致人们等待补发卡片。对于2025年1月17日已经待审的、涵盖TPS及相关工作卡的申请,无需重新提交;获批后,将根据具体情况提供截至2026年10月19日的身份或卡片。因此,政府自己对项目管理情况的说明已经考虑到文件可能出现空档。2 3
后续说明提供了其他证明工作授权的方式,但经核实的有效期仍止于10月19日。乌克兰方面,9月3日发布的指南允许符合条件且到期日为2026年4月20日(含)之后、2026年10月19日之前的卡片,与美国公民及移民服务局(USCIS)的延期通知一并作为A类文件,证明身份及持续的就业授权截至10月19日。21
雇主须在I-9表格第1和第2部分的到期日栏中填写2026年10月19日,添加说明性备注,并在E-Verify中使用该日期。苏丹方面,8月发布的指南同样说明,对于仍符合资格、TPS工作卡申请仍在待审且尚未收到续期卡的受益人,延期有效至10月19日。这些是特定的文件办理安排,并非确立更晚统一有效日期的指示。21 23
不同的续期申请规则区分了2025年10月30日之前提交的符合条件的申请与此后提交的申请。不应将这些规则混为一谈,误以为每位乌克兰或苏丹受益人都能在2026年10月19日之后获得540天延期。适用的文件和申请记录都很重要。24 47
更长期的前景仍未确定
倡议人士认为,政府错过审查截止日期,依法独立触发了TPS再延长6个月。他们计算的截止日期是8月20日,认为延期于8月21日自动触发,保护将持续至2027年4月19日。乌克兰移民工作组在10月16日的更新中称,理论上法律会自动延期,同时承认政府尚未发布实施指南。国土安全部尚未确认这一期限或截止日期。37 38 39
不应将这一法律主张与国土安全部宣布延期6个月混为一谈。同样,没有公布终止通知,并不能证明内部是否作出过决定的所有事实。已确认的、更为有限的事实也足够重要:国土安全部表示,在最终决定公布之前,登记受益人仍受到保护。1
一项立法提案将为乌克兰人提供期限更长且明确的保护,但尚未成为法律。参议员理查德·布卢门撒尔于9月23日提出S. 5490,共同原始提案发起人包括同为民主党的克里斯·孔斯,以及共和党人丽莎·穆尔科斯基和比尔·卡西迪。现有资料中最新的立法进展是,该提案于当日提交参议院司法委员会审议。12 13 14
该法案将把乌克兰指定为TPS适用国家,期限为2026年10月20日至2029年7月1日,并要求在收到相关保护和就业授权申请后90天内作出决定。符合条件的乌克兰公民和无国籍前居民必须满足居住、实际居留、入境及TPS相关要求,并完成登记。如果法案在10月20日之后颁布,将追溯至该日生效,并保护其他方面符合条件的人免于累计非法居留时间。法案还包含一项关于紧急旅行的同意条款。以上内容都仍是提案。12
9月22日提出的另一项诉求,是为乌克兰提供18个月的行政延期和重新指定;这与法案中规定的更长期限不同。无论采取哪条途径,都无法解决苏丹待决的决定。TPS本身也不保证永久居留:如果指定最终结束,已公布的通知称,受益人将恢复到仍然有效的先前身份,或在TPS期间取得的其他仍然有效的身份(如果有的话)。15 2 3
已知
- 国土安全部表示,在最终决定作出之前,乌克兰和苏丹TPS受益人仍受到保护。该部门尚未公布作出决定的日期。 1
未知
- 10月19日之后的文件办理说明仍未解决。目前没有经核实的信息表明雇主普遍拒绝接受相关文件,也没有证据显示移民及海关执法局(ICE)对这些受益人采取了新的执法做法。
后续
- 关注两项指定的最终决定,以及USCIS是否会发布明确说明工人在10月19日之后如何证明持续授权的指示。
播出原貌 27 行
- More than 100,000 immigrants keep their protection from deportation.
- Homeland Security says Ukrainian and Sudanese Temporary Protected Status holders retain protection while it decides both programs’ futures. Their existing designation periods were scheduled to end October 19, leaving workers and employers needing clarity about their paperwork.
- How long will protection last, and how will workers prove their continued right to work?
- Homeland Security said Sunday that beneficiaries would “retain protection” until decisions are announced. It said final decisions would “be made at the appropriate time.” The department hasn’t announced a termination decision for either country or given this continuation a fixed end date.
- Congress created TPS in 1990 for eligible people whose countries face conditions that make returning unsafe. Armed conflict, disasters and other extraordinary conditions can qualify. It protects beneficiaries living in the United States and authorizes them to work.
- Eligibility can include people who arrived with lawful status and people who arrived without it. Eligible stateless people who last habitually lived in a designated country can qualify, too.
- Ukraine’s protection first took effect in April 2022 after Russia’s full-scale invasion. An extension and redesignation followed for October 2023 through April 2025. Sudan’s program dates to November 1997, when armed conflict and extraordinary conditions made return unsafe.
- Reported DHS estimates put the groups at about 103,700 Ukrainians and 1,900 Sudanese. Those aren’t confirmed October counts. The March 2025 baseline was more than 100,000 Ukrainians and roughly 1,800 Sudanese; the different figures don’t demonstrate an enrollment trend.
- The administration has already ended TPS protections for more than one million immigrants from over a dozen countries, including Afghanistan, Haiti and Venezuela. Officials argue the temporary program has been extended too often and encourages illegal immigration. El Salvador’s beneficiaries also kept protection pending a final announcement after their program approached its endpoint last month.
- Beneficiaries had to re-register January 17 through March 18, 2025. Both 18-month designation extensions began April 20, 2025. Certain older cards were automatically extended through April 19, 2026. The scheduled designation endpoint and later documentation instructions reached October 19, 2026.
- That past 60-day re-registration window was a requirement for beneficiaries. The government has a separate deadline to review country conditions. People still had to meet eligibility requirements, and improper re-registration could lead to withdrawal of their individual protection after the required procedures.
- A worker can keep legal protection while still needing usable proof for an employer. TPS carries protection against removal and authorization to work throughout the protected period. The employment authorization card is evidence of that right, with its own documentation rules.
- The January notices offered eligible people who re-registered and applied new cards valid through October 19, 2026. They also recognized that processing delays could leave people waiting for replacements after older cards expired.
- The earlier automatic extensions covered specified cards in the A12 and C19 categories. Ukraine’s qualifying printed dates were April 2025 and October 2023. Sudan’s list covered nine dates from 2017 through 2025. Those extensions ended April 19, 2026.
- People whose covered TPS or related work-card applications were already pending on January 17, 2025 didn’t have to file them again. Approval would provide protection or a card through October 19, 2026, as applicable.
- Ukraine’s later instructions allowed a qualifying card expiring on or after April 20, 2026, and before October 19, 2026, together with its extension notice. That combination proved identity and continued work authorization through October 19, 2026.
- Employers were told to use that October endpoint in the employment-verification form’s expiration fields, add an explanatory note, and use the same date in E-Verify. They could attach the guidance and extension notice to the form.
- Sudan’s August guidance also extended certain expired cards through October 19. Recipients had to remain eligible, still have a pending TPS-based work-card application, and be waiting for their renewal card. Those instructions gave covered workers a specific way to document authorization.
- Separate renewal-filing rules distinguish eligible applications filed before October 30, 2025 from later filings. The applicable extension depends on the worker’s filing and documents. Employers still need updated instructions connecting the government’s continuing-protection assurance to documentation after October 19.
- Advocates argue the government missed an August 20 review deadline, triggering six more months of protection on August 21. Their calculation runs through April 19, 2027. Homeland Security hasn’t confirmed that duration or endpoint, and implementation guidance hasn’t followed.
- The department’s assurance keeps enrolled beneficiaries protected while final decisions are pending. The practical uncertainty concerns how employers and immigration officers will carry that assurance out. A worker needs usable documents to keep earning a paycheck as well as protection against removal.
- Senator Richard Blumenthal introduced a longer-term Ukrainian TPS bill on September 23. Fellow Democrat Chris Coons and Republicans Lisa Murkowski and Bill Cassidy joined as original cosponsors. The Senate referred it to the Judiciary Committee that day; it hasn’t become law.
- The proposal would designate Ukraine for protection from October 20, 2026 through July 1, 2029. A separate September 22 appeal asked the administration for an 18-month extension and redesignation. The bill sets its own, longer period and leaves Sudan’s decision with Homeland Security.
- The bill would require decisions on covered protection and work-authorization applications within 90 days of receipt. Eligible Ukrainian nationals and eligible stateless former residents would have to maintain continuous residence and physical presence from enactment, meet admission and TPS eligibility rules, and register.
- If enacted after October 20, the bill would apply retroactively to that date and shield otherwise eligible people from accumulating unlawful presence. It would also require advance travel permission for protected people who demonstrate emergency and extenuating circumstances beyond their control requiring a brief trip abroad. Their return would follow normal TPS travel rules.
- TPS itself provides temporary protection. It doesn’t guarantee permanent residence. If a designation eventually ends, beneficiaries return to a still-valid status they held before TPS, or another still-valid status obtained during it, if they have one.
- For now, eligible Ukrainian and Sudanese beneficiaries keep protection, and work authorization continues throughout TPS. The government still needs to explain how workers should document that continuity after the existing paperwork endpoint. Homeland Security hasn’t announced when it will decide either program’s future.
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