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默茨重申电力税承诺，但54亿欧元资金仍未落实

默茨希望在2027年为所有消费者减负。为此买单可能意味着削减养老金、支持计划或气候相关支出，但各方尚未就任何一项达成一致。

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原语言视频

译自英文原文。

德国执政联盟能接受哪些支出削减，才能兑现降低电费的承诺，让电价在2027年下降？

这是总理弗里德里希·默茨重新摆上谈判桌的问题，也是他重申承诺后仍未回答的问题。经过议会委员会谈判，联邦预算草案出炉，但其中没有列入所需的约54亿欧元资金，无法将承诺的减负扩大至现行方案以外的家庭和企业。经过约16小时的最后调整，预算委员会于11月13日星期五清晨结束工作，但未能为减税提供资金。⁠1

当天在都柏林发表讲话时，默茨公开重申了自己的目标：从明年起，将电力税全面降至欧盟最低水平。他预计执政联盟委员会将在接下来的星期二再次讨论此事。他的官方表态清楚地区分了两点：预算谈判已经结束，但减税并未纳入预算；他仍希望兑现承诺。这是重申承诺，并非达成协议或已实施的减税。⁠16

这项承诺已经写入执政联盟协议。如今的难点不是再换一种说法重申承诺，而是就哪些其他优先事项应当让步达成一致。而这场分歧不仅存在于默茨所属的保守派基民盟/基社盟联盟内部，也存在于保守派与其社会民主党执政伙伴之间。⁠1⁠31

尚未达成共识的节省方案

社民党提出的融资条件没有留下多少含糊空间。该党议会预算发言人托尔斯滕·鲁道夫表示，进一步节支仍有可能让减税成为现实，但排除通过新增借款为其买单。财政部长兼社民党共同主席拉尔斯·克林拜尔也要求有可信的资金抵销方案。他表示会审查各项提议，也可能提出自己的建议；但他尚未宣布任何已达成共识的方案。⁠1

克林拜尔提到谈判代表未能找到约50亿欧元资金，这是对资金需求的约数描述，并不意味着约54亿欧元的成本已经下降。他还称，2028年预算仍有250亿欧元的未解决资金缺口，并表示进一步减税不能扩大这一缺口。此前预算储备中仍有38亿欧元用于筹备该预算，但这笔资金尚未划拨给电力税减负。⁠1

11月12日，社民党议会党团领袖马蒂亚斯·米尔施曾表示，这项减税目前无法获得资金支持，并怀疑本周的谈判能否解决问题。星期五重启讨论的意愿带来了又一次机会，但并不能证明他的融资异议已经得到解决。与此同时，克林拜尔指出，降低电力网络费用、取消天然气储存费以及临时燃油折扣，都是已经采取的控制能源成本措施。⁠1

一种拟议中的交换方案可能会牺牲执政联盟的另一项承诺。基民盟预算事务政治人物马蒂亚斯·米德尔伯格建议，放弃计划中的“母亲养老金”扩展，以腾出资金用于电力减负。这项扩展既是基社盟的优先事项，也是执政联盟的承诺。⁠1

在巴伐利亚州领导基社盟议会党团的克劳斯·霍莱切克反对这种交换。他反对将一个公平问题与另一个公平问题对立起来，并表示这项养老金改善关系到900万名母亲，而且已被写入法律。受益人数是他所提供的说法，并非另行核实的统计数字。巴伐利亚州社会事务部长乌尔里克·沙尔夫也反对米德尔伯格的建议。⁠31⁠30

米德尔伯格还提到州级支持计划，称其规模已从八年前约80亿欧元增至600亿欧元。他以此主张寻找节省空间，但这并非一份已达成共识的可削减支出清单。联盟党内部讨论的其他设想包括动用可再生能源支持账户的盈余，以及削减气候与转型基金中的项目。目前尚无任何一项成为已达成一致的融资决定。⁠1

家庭实际能省下多少

对消费者而言，与政治争论中涉及的数十亿欧元相比，利害关系更加具体。德国《电力税法》第3条规定，标准税率为每兆瓦时20.50欧元，相当于每千瓦时2.05欧分。比价服务网站Verivox于10月13日发布的一项模型假设，将家庭电力税降至0.1欧分，即欧盟对非商业用途设定的最低税率。这样一来，每千瓦时的电力税将减少1.95欧分。⁠48⁠44

计入相关的19%增值税降幅后，模型估算的总节省额约为每千瓦时2.32欧分。以下年度示例假设减税获得通过、供应商将全部优惠传递给用户，而且其他价格构成不变。这些金额并非家庭目前可以从账单中扣除的费用。⁠44⁠48

每年35欧元年用电量1,500千瓦时的模型估算节省额 44
每年65欧元年用电量2,800千瓦时的模型估算节省额 44
每年93欧元年用电量4,000千瓦时的模型估算节省额 44

这些示例分别相当于每月约2.90欧元、5.41欧元和7.73欧元。10月的模型以每千瓦时34.36欧分的家庭平均含税价格为起点，其中包括基本费用；调整后价格约为32.04欧分，降幅通常四舍五入为7%。这个百分比反映的是10月的测算，并非对明年所有合同的预测。电力本身、网络费用和账单中的其他构成部分仍须支付。⁠44

Verivox根据2024年家庭用电量132.2太瓦时，估算家庭每年合计可减负约30亿欧元。这与更广泛的54亿欧元融资需求是不同的指标；后者还涵盖现行减负措施以外的企业。这也不是有针对性的困难救助：每千瓦时固定节省相同金额，用电量越大的用户省下的欧元就越多，无论其收入如何。⁠44⁠1

现行企业方案的适用范围比全面下调工业电力税更窄。《电力税法》第9b条规定，符合条件的制造业、农业和林业企业用电可通过申请获得退税。是否符合条件取决于行业和用途；仅仅用电量高，并不能使家庭或所有小企业获得资格。⁠49

相对于每兆瓦时20.50欧元的标准税率，这项退税为每兆瓦时20欧元，但只有年度退税金额超过250欧元的部分才会发放。因此，符合条件的额外用电在边际上适用每千瓦时0.05欧分的税率；将这一税率套用于每家符合条件企业的全部用电量会产生误导。法律排除了用于电动交通的电力，并对储能、损耗和转供能源设定条件。家庭仍需等待另一项政治决定。⁠49

仍待推进的立法路径

对默茨而言，这项没有资金支持的承诺已成为其所属阵营内部兑现承诺能力的考验。《每日镜报》援引《图片报》对一次星期三晚间会议的报道说，超过30名联盟党议员在持续约三小时的讨论中提出批评。米德尔伯格公开承认了这场对峙。北莱茵-威斯特法伦州基民盟秘书长保罗·齐米亚克警告称，该党正在失去所有公信力。这些是内部压力的迹象，并不能证明议会中已有多数支持任何特定的节支方案。⁠1

北莱茵-威斯特法伦州州长亨德里克·维斯特是敦促减负的保守派领导人之一。该州约有1,800万居民，将于2027年4月25日举行选举，这使这项诉求在德国人口最多的州有了直接的选举背景。⁠1

下一次预期的谈判日期是11月17日星期二，地点在柏林。Cash于11月13日的报道写作“11月18日星期二”，但11月18日是星期三；默茨本人所说的“下星期二”支持11月17日这一日期，《每日镜报》关于星期二的报道也如此。会议时间尚未确定。⁠4⁠16⁠1

委员会完成审议不等于议会最终通过预算。联盟党预算发言人克里斯蒂安·哈泽认为，在11月27日最终完成预算之前，还可以通过特别会议提出修正案。这留下的是一个政治空间，而非已承诺的结果。⁠31⁠1

因此，判断星期二谈判是否取得进展，关键在于执政联盟是否同意具体的资金抵销方案，并确定落实所需预算和立法决定的路径，而不是领导人是否再次表示支持降低账单。在这些决定作出之前，默茨的公开承诺并不会改变家庭仍需按现行标准缴纳电力税的事实。⁠16⁠48

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  1. Germany's budget draft leaves its promised electricity-tax cut €5.4 billion short. Households and businesses outside existing relief are still waiting for the reduction promised for all consumers.
  2. Which spending cuts can the coalition accept to get that relief into electricity bills in 2027?
  3. The budget committee spent about sixteen hours in its final adjustment session, finishing early Friday without financing the cut. Parliament still has to adopt the budget, leaving a narrow opportunity for changes.
  4. Chancellor Friedrich Merz has now publicly committed to another attempt. Speaking in Dublin on November thirteenth, he maintained his goal of reducing the tax fully to the European minimum next year.
  5. Merz expects the coalition committee to discuss the issue again on Tuesday in Berlin. His public commitment puts the proposal back into negotiations, but the coalition still hasn't agreed how to pay for it.
  6. The promise already appears in the coalition agreement. Delivering it now depends on agreement between Merz's conservative CDU and CSU parties and their Social Democratic partner, the SPD.
  7. SPD budget spokesman Thorsten Rudolph says further savings could still make the cut possible. He rules out financing it with new debt. Finance Minister Lars Klingbeil also requires credible spending offsets and says he'll examine proposals, possibly bringing his own.
  8. Klingbeil described roughly five billion euros that negotiators hadn't found. That's the rounded funding requirement. The broader extension still needs about €5.4 billion.
  9. Klingbeil puts the unresolved gap in the following year's budget at €25 billion. He says more tax relief mustn't enlarge it. Another €3.8 billion remains in an earlier budget reserve for preparing the 2028 budget.
  10. That reserve hasn't been assigned to the electricity-tax cut. On Thursday, SPD parliamentary leader Matthias Miersch said the reduction couldn't yet be financed. He doubted that week's negotiations would solve it and warned of another financing problem in 2028.
  11. Klingbeil points to lower electricity-network charges, abolition of the gas-storage levy and a temporary fuel discount as measures already being used. He rejects the suggestion that the coalition partners are simply charging against each other. Their practical disagreement is where to find more savings.
  12. Subscribe to this channel as we follow whether the coalition finds the savings to fund household electricity relief.
  13. A household using four thousand kilowatt-hours a year could save about ninety-three euros annually if the proposed reduction happens. The benefit comes from cutting one component of the electricity bill.
  14. The standard electricity tax is 2.05 cents per kilowatt-hour. The household model assumes a reduction to 0.1 cents, the non-business European minimum. Suppliers would still charge for electricity itself, network costs and the other components of the bill.
  15. Including the associated reduction in nineteen-percent VAT, the gross saving would be about 2.32 cents per kilowatt-hour. That assumes suppliers pass on the entire benefit and other prices don't rise to offset it.
  16. A single-person household using fifteen hundred kilowatt-hours would save about thirty-five euros a year. A couple using twenty-eight hundred would save about sixty-five euros. For three people using four thousand, the modeled saving is about ninety-three euros.
  17. Monthly, those savings work out to about two euros ninety, five euros forty-one and seven euros seventy-three. These are conditional examples. Households can't deduct those amounts from their bills now.
  18. The October model starts with an average gross household price of 34.36 cents per kilowatt-hour, including the basic charge. After the tax change, that becomes about 32.04 cents. The resulting bill reduction is about seven percent.
  19. That percentage describes the October calculation. Actual contracts next year will also depend on other price changes. The fixed saving per unit of electricity gives larger users more euros, without targeting financial hardship.
  20. The same model estimates about €3 billion in annual household savings. It uses household consumption of 132.2 terawatt-hours in 2024. The broader €5.4 billion financing requirement also covers extending relief to businesses outside the existing scheme.
  21. Qualifying manufacturers, farms and forestry businesses can already apply for an electricity-tax refund. Sector and use determine eligibility. Using more electricity alone doesn't give a household, or every small business, access to that refund.
  22. The refund is twenty euros per megawatt-hour against a standard tax of twenty euros fifty. Only the annual refund above two hundred fifty euros is paid. Eligible additional consumption therefore faces a 0.05-cent rate, while that retained amount still affects the overall tax paid.
  23. The law excludes electricity used for electromobility. It also sets conditions for stored electricity, energy losses and energy supplied onward. The existing relief reaches specific business uses, leaving households and other businesses dependent on a separate political decision.
  24. CDU budget politician Mathias Middelberg proposes foregoing the planned expansion of the Mütterrente, the pension credit for raising children. CSU parliamentary leader Klaus Holetschek rejects that trade-off. The expansion is a CSU priority and another coalition commitment.
  25. Holetschek says it concerns nine million mothers and is already anchored in law. He argues against playing one fairness issue against another. Bavaria's social affairs minister, Ulrike Scharf, also opposes sacrificing the pension improvement.
  26. Middelberg also points to state support programmes. He says their volume has grown from about eight billion euros eight years ago to sixty billion. Those figures underpin his argument for savings, without identifying an agreed pot of money for electricity relief.
  27. Other Union ideas include using surpluses in the renewable-energy support account and cutting programmes in the Climate and Transformation Fund. Accepting those ideas could redirect money from other priorities, including climate-related investment. The coalition hasn't agreed to them.
  28. More than thirty Union lawmakers reportedly spoke critically during a roughly three-hour meeting on Wednesday evening. The SPD's meeting lasted about forty-five minutes. Middelberg publicly acknowledged the confrontation. North Rhine-Westphalia CDU general secretary Paul Zimiak warned that the party was losing all credibility.
  29. Hendrik Wüst, Boris Rhein and Michael Kretschmer are pressing for the reduction. So are Sven Schulze and parliamentary deputy Günter Krings. Their pressure puts Merz's ability to deliver an existing promise under scrutiny, while the financing problem persists.
  30. Wüst's North Rhine-Westphalia has about eighteen million residents and votes on April twenty-fifth next year. That gives the demand for household relief a concrete electoral setting in Germany's most populous state.
  31. The budget committee did settle other tax questions. A planned sugary-drinks tax moves from July 2027 to January 2028, and a planned plastic-packaging tax won't be collected next year. Electricity-tax financing was left unresolved.
  32. Tuesday's expected discussion falls on November seventeenth. Union budget spokesman Christian Haase sees possible changes through special meetings before final budget completion on November twenty-seventh. That gives negotiators a route to an amendment if they can agree on savings.
  33. The coalition still has to choose the spending offsets and secure the necessary budget and legislative decisions. Merz continues to seek relief in 2027. Until those decisions are made, households remain subject to the existing standard electricity tax of 2.05 cents per kilowatt-hour.

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