跳到内容
现在

经济 · 韩国租赁市场承压

韩国租户面临更高押金和更贵贷款

2019年至2025年,平均全租押金债务上升53%。较新的数据显示,贷款利率更高、租金不断上涨,租户没有必然更便宜的替代选择。

文字 阅读需 6 分钟 · 44 个来源

原语言视频

译自英文原文。

即使押金最终必须退还,它仍可能让人无力负担一套住房。对于采用全租制(jeonse)的韩国租户来说,这种租赁制度以大额一次性押金为核心,而非普通月租,眼下的难题就是筹到这笔钱。平均押金大幅上涨,新增借款成本变高,改付月租也无法保证能避开不断上涨的住房成本。⁠2⁠31⁠27

韩联社11月15日发布的一项分析显示,2025年全租家庭的平均押金为217.97 million won,高于2019年的161.62 million won。这意味着还要多筹56.35 million won,名义增幅为34.9%。用于支付这些押金的平均借款增长更快:六年间增长了53.0%。⁠2

这些数据描述的是较早时期的家庭状况,并非今日的挂牌价格。但较新的观察结果显示,压力并未消退:2026年9月全租市场价格上涨,10月年度租赁通胀加速,9月新发放全租贷款平均利率达到4.57%。租户既要筹措更多前期资金,也要承担更高的融资成本。⁠2⁠27

按照全租制度,租约结束时房东有义务退还押金。首尔市政府指南称,租期为一至两年。月租通常称为wolse或weolse,一般是较小押金加定期付款。因此,全租押金并非永久花掉的租金,但租期内资金仍被占用,借来的钱还要支付利息。⁠31

门槛更高,但借款并非持续增长

家庭调查分析发现,用于支付押金的平均债务从2019年的30.33 million won升至2025年的46.39 million won。这包括用于筹措押金的有担保和无担保借款,并非这些家庭所欠的全部债务。其增幅比押金增幅高出18.1个百分点。⁠2

债务与押金的比率从18.8%升至21.3%。这描述的是报告中两个平均值之间的关系,并不意味着21.3%的租户借了款,也不意味着每户家庭都恰好以借款支付了押金的这一比例。⁠2

六年间的激增也有一项重要限定。最近两个调查年份,平均押金借款有所下降。2020至2022年间年度增幅达到两位数后,2023年增幅放缓至0.4%,随后2024年和2025年分别下降2.1%和1.0%。长期增长并不能证明贷款余额仍在持续加速上升。⁠2

韩联社提出了几种可能的解释:利息成本上升抑制借款;此前续租时押金下降,减少了融资需求;以及家庭转为月租或混合租赁安排。这些都是解释,并非对下降原因的量化分解。随着不同家庭进入或退出全租市场,逐年平均值也会发生变化。⁠2

这项家庭金融与福利调查由国家数据机构、金融监督院和韩国银行联合开展,覆盖全国约20,000户家庭。2025年资产和负债数据截至2025年3月31日,金额未按通胀调整。总体样本规模并不等于这些特定平均值背后全租家庭的数量。⁠7

已发布的分析没有说明全租样本规模、加权细节,也没有说明债务平均值是否包括没有借款支付押金的家庭。该分析也没有证实同一批家庭在六年间经历了全部增幅。比较从2019年开始,是因为这是可用于在线微观数据分析的最早年份,而非因为有证据表明这一年是租赁制度的转折点。⁠2⁠5

挂牌房源减少,两类市场均承压

较新的市场数据呈现上涨趋势。KB金融集团经营研究所10月发布的回顾报告显示,2026年9月全国全租价格较上月上涨0.32%,略快于8月的0.30%。首都圈上涨0.56%,其中首尔上涨0.64%,京畿道上涨0.59%。⁠2

压力也蔓延至首都圈以外:五个主要非首都城市上涨0.17%,其他道级地区上涨0.09%。KB全租供需指数升至120.7,为2020年租赁法规调整以来的最高值。这是指数读数,并非价格涨幅百分比。⁠22

KB研究人员指出,新建成住宅减少、现有租户续租而非将房屋重新推向市场,以及有意购房者转而租房,都是相关因素。他们还指出,一些非自住业主在税改公布后搬入自己的房产,或将其出售。这些都可能减少可租房源,但现有证据并未将价格涨幅分摊到各项因素,也没有证明续租保护本身造成了价格上涨。⁠2⁠22

交易数据既显示市场趋紧,也显示市场正在变化。8月全国全租和月租交易总量约为199,000笔,较7月下降5.6%,低于近五年月均226,000笔。全租交易量下降12.7%;月租合同占租赁交易的70.0%。这是当月签订的合同构成,并非所有租户中居住在月租房的人所占比例。⁠22

进入这一市场,不一定意味着能住上更便宜的房子。10月全国消费者价格数据显示,月租通胀同比为1.5%,与2013年12月持平,也是此后最高水平。全租通胀达到1.4%,为2023年2月以来最高。⁠27

10月租赁综合通胀达到1.4%,与2022年12月持平,也是该月以来最高。1月至3月一直为0.9%,4月至6月为1.0%,之后7月至10月每月扩大0.1个百分点。租金涨幅仍低于整体消费价格涨幅,10月整体消费价格同比上涨2.8%。这里的关键在于住房支出、押金和融资成本叠加,而不是租金已经超过家庭的所有其他支出。⁠27

全国平均值也掩盖了地区差异。10月,蔚山租赁综合通胀率最高,为2.4%,其次是首尔的2.1%和世宗的1.6%;只有这三个地区高于全国平均水平。庆尚北道同比下降0.1%。⁠27

这些消费者价格数据回答的问题,与KB的月度市场价格变化不同。租赁消费者价格指标每月调查约11,000户租赁家庭,涵盖现有合同和新合同,因此会滞后反映市场变化。寻找新租约的人可能面临高于全国通胀率所显示的涨幅。两项指标都不能确定某位租户续租时的账单或利息支出。⁠1⁠27

利息账单让压力变得切实可感

对于新借款人,利率带来一项单独的成本。韩联社援引韩国银行统计数据报道,2025年5月,银行新发放的全租押金贷款平均年利率为3.70%,2026年9月为4.57%,16个月净升0.87个百分点。对韩国央行数据序列的转载显示,2026年8月为4.35%,因此9月上升了0.22个百分点;9月数据标注为暂定值。⁠2⁠37⁠40

如果贷款金额保持在100 million won不变,上述利率对应的年利息分别为3.70 million won和4.57 million won,即多出870,000 won。该示例假设每种利率都适用整整一年,且不包括手续费和本金偿还。它仅说明利率影响,并未假设家庭同时增加了借款。现有借款人支付的是各自合同规定的利率,2025年3月的债务平均值不能视为2026年9月的贷款余额。⁠1⁠7

友利银行房地产研究所研究员南赫宇预计,房源稀缺将限制短期内价格大幅下跌的可能性。据BigGo Finance援引,南赫宇认为,租金价格稳定必须先于更广泛的房地产市场稳定。⁠1

房地产市场要稳定,全租与月租价格必须首先稳定。

南赫宇 1

这仍是预测,并非承诺。可租住房是否会增加、新贷款利率是否会下降,都尚无定论。筹不出全租押金的家庭可能转而寻求月租房,从而可能增加一个定期付款已在上涨的市场中的需求。实际问题并不只是选择两种合同类型之一,而是找到一种负担得起的方式,住进其中任何一种房子。

来源32

在此处引用的来源中,Aju Press最先发布,比本报道播出早5天。 随后还有8家媒体发布。

14篇早期文章作为背景资料参阅。14家媒体未注明日期:kbfg.comKDI 경제교육·정보센터krema.ai한국은행easylaw.go.krindexergo.com

按媒体查看所有来源

来自 32 家媒体的 44 个来源· 引用最多的优先

播出原貌
  1. Jeonse households' average deposit-financing debt jumped 53 percent in six years.
  2. The average upfront deposit reached 217.97 million won in 2025. Tenants seeking new loans now face higher interest rates, and monthly rents are also rising.
  3. Will more available homes or cheaper credit give renters some relief?
  4. Landlords must return a jeonse deposit when the lease ends. Tenants hand over a large lump sum instead of ordinary monthly rent, usually for one to two years. They still have to find that money and keep it tied up.
  5. Borrowing adds interest to that arrangement. Monthly rent, often called wolse, generally requires a smaller deposit plus a recurring payment.
  6. The average jeonse deposit climbed from 161.62 million won in 2019 to 217.97 million in 2025. That's another 56.35 million won to assemble. The average increased every year and crossed 200 million won in 2023.
  7. Average deposits rose 34.9 percent over those six years. Average borrowing to finance them grew 53.0 percent. Borrowing growth outpaced deposit growth by 18.1 percentage points, increasing the amount households needed to finance.
  8. Deposit-financing debt increased from 30.33 million won to 46.39 million won, a rise of 16.06 million. That includes secured and unsecured borrowing used to fund deposits.
  9. Average debt relative to the deposit rose from 18.8 percent to 21.3 percent, up 2.5 percentage points. Those figures describe the relationship between the averages. Individual households finance their deposits differently.
  10. The household figures capture assets and debts as of March 31, 2025, in money of the day, without adjusting for inflation. The overall survey covers about 20,000 households nationwide. These particular averages concern households living under jeonse.
  11. The National Data Agency, Financial Supervisory Service and Bank of Korea jointly produce that survey. The comparison begins in 2019 because that's the earliest year available for online microdata analysis. Successive household averages can also change as different households enter or leave jeonse.
  12. Average deposit borrowing actually fell in the latest two survey years. Growth slowed to 0.4 percent in 2023, followed by declines of 2.1 percent in 2024 and 1.0 percent in 2025. Earlier annual increases, during 2020 through 2022, were in the teens.
  13. Higher interest costs may have discouraged borrowing. An earlier period of falling deposits at lease renewal could also have reduced financing needs. Households moving into monthly-rent or mixed arrangements may have changed the averages too. Those are possible explanations for the declines.
  14. Subscribe to this channel to follow whether rental supply and borrowing costs bring tenants any relief.
  15. Nationwide jeonse prices rose 0.32 percent in September 2026. The capital region increased 0.56 percent, with Seoul up 0.64 and Gyeonggi up 0.59. Five major noncapital cities rose 0.17 percent, and other provincial areas increased 0.09 percent.
  16. The nationwide increase was slightly faster than August's 0.30 percent. These monthly housing-market changes describe newer price pressure. The household deposit and debt figures describe an earlier snapshot, while consumer rental inflation measures changes over a year.
  17. The jeonse supply-demand index reached 120.7 in September, its highest reading since the 2020 rental-law changes. KB's housing researchers point to fewer newly completed homes and more tenants renewing leases, leaving fewer properties available for people seeking a home.
  18. Would-be buyers are adding to rental demand, KB's researchers say. They also identify some nonresident landlords moving into their properties or offering them for sale after announced tax changes. Those shifts can leave fewer homes available to rent.
  19. Rental transactions were also slowing. Nationwide jeonse and monthly-rent transactions totaled about 199,000 in August, down 5.6 percent from July. That was below the recent five-year monthly average of 226,000.
  20. Monthly-rent contracts accounted for 70.0 percent of August's rental transactions as jeonse transaction volume fell 12.7 percent. That shows the mix of contracts being signed during the month. It doesn't describe the share of all tenants living on monthly rent.
  21. The capital-region apartment monthly-rent index rose for an eleventh straight month in September. Its monthly increase slowed from 1.3 percent in August to 0.4 percent. National annual rent inflation was still accelerating.
  22. Annual combined rental inflation held at 0.9 percent from January through March, then 1.0 percent from April through June. It reached 1.1 percent in July, 1.2 in August, 1.3 in September and 1.4 percent in October.
  23. October's combined rental-price index stood at 106.56, with 2020 set to 100. The 1.4 percent annual increase matched December 2022, the highest rate since then.
  24. October completed four consecutive monthly widenings in the annual rate. The previous stretch lasting at least that long ran from January through May 2021, when inflation increased from 0.7 to 1.3 percent.
  25. Monthly-rent inflation reached 1.5 percent in October, matching December 2013, twelve years and ten months earlier. Jeonse inflation reached 1.4 percent, its highest rate since February 2023, when it was 1.6 percent.
  26. Monthly-rent inflation had risen from 1.1 percent in June, increasing by a tenth of a percentage point each month through October. Jeonse inflation doubled from January's 0.7 percent. Individual lease changes can differ considerably from these national averages.
  27. The rental consumer-price measure surveys about 11,000 rental households every month, including existing and new contracts. Existing leases make the measure slower to reflect market changes. Someone seeking a new contract may face a bigger increase than the national inflation rate suggests.
  28. The current rise follows much weaker inflation. Combined rents fell 0.1 percent annually from December 2023 through February 2024. They were unchanged in March and April, then returned to growth of 0.1 percent in May 2024.
  29. Combined rental inflation of 1.4 percent was below overall consumer inflation of 2.8 percent and living-necessities inflation of 2.6 percent. Tenants' pressure comes from combining housing payments with large deposits and, for borrowers, interest costs.
  30. Ulsan led regional rental inflation at 2.4 percent in October. Seoul followed at 2.1 percent and Sejong at 1.6 percent. Those were the only three regions above the 1.4 percent national average. Gyeongbuk recorded a 0.1 percent annual decline.
  31. Ulsan had led the regional increases since January, when its annual rate was 1.5 percent. In July, at 2.0 percent, it was the only one of seventeen regions in the two-percent range. Reduced new housing supply is the proposed explanation.
  32. Seoul's annual rate climbed from 1.7 percent in July to 1.8 in August, 2.0 in September and 2.1 in October. Sejong moved from 0.9 percent in June to 1.2 percent in July, before reaching October's 1.6 percent.
  33. New jeonse borrowing carried an average annual rate of 3.70 percent in May 2025. That reached 4.35 percent in August 2026. September's provisional average was 4.57 percent, up 0.22 percentage points in a month.
  34. Over sixteen months, the increase was 0.87 percentage points. These are deposit banks' rates on newly extended jeonse loans. Existing borrowers pay the rates set by their own contracts, and the earlier household debt figures describe balances in March 2025.
  35. Nam Hyuk-woo, a researcher at Woori Bank's Real Estate Research Institute, expects scarce listings to limit a sharp short-term price decline. He says rental-price stability has to come before the wider housing market can stabilize.
  36. Monthly rent offers no guaranteed escape from the squeeze. A smaller deposit can reduce the money needed upfront, but recurring rents are rising too. If more households switch, they could add further demand to that market.
  37. Whether available rental housing increases and new-loan rates ease is still unresolved. For someone borrowing the same amount, the rate increase alone already makes a measurable difference.
  38. On an unchanged 100 million won loan, annual interest rises from 3.70 million won to 4.57 million won. Assuming each rate applies for a full year, and excluding fees and principal repayments, that's an extra 870,000 won in interest.

译文更新于

近期播出