科学 · 远洋客轮人工礁
990英尺沉入海底,开启新使命:SS United States号成为佛罗里达州人工礁
原语言视频
译自英文原文。
眼下取得的成果相当显著,但具体有限:工作人员将这艘庞然大物沉放到海床上;初步声呐和遥控潜水器检查显示,船体着底时保持直立;安全区也已解除,潜水员如今可以前往该地点。至于预期的海洋生物增长和旅游业回报,则是另一回事。这些还需要时间发展,也需要进行衡量。3
这次行动由县政府、海岸警卫队、佛罗里达州执法机构,以及来自阿拉巴马州、路易斯安那州和得克萨斯州的海事单位共同参与。佛罗里达州鱼类与野生动物保护委员会表示,11月9日至11日的运输和沉船行动期间,派出了65名人员及相关装备。行动计划涵盖观众船只交通、紧急医疗、潜水救援和夜间安保,筹备工作从沉船前72小时开始。尽管有数百艘船只进出现场,但没有报告人员受伤或重大航行事故。8
新生,也是真正的失去
乘客名单横跨哈里·杜鲁门、德怀特·艾森豪威尔和约翰·肯尼迪,也包括比尔·克林顿——他当时以罗德学者的身份乘船旅行,而非以总统身份出行。玛丽莲·梦露、杜克·艾灵顿和沃尔特·迪士尼也曾乘坐该船。1963年赴美国巡展的《蒙娜丽莎》同样曾由该船运载。这些并非人工礁宣传中的无关点缀:它们说明了为什么凿沉这艘船,也同时成为一场关于保护的争论。20
在沉船前接受美国国家公共电台采访时,保护协会董事会主席、设计师威廉·弗朗西斯·吉布斯的孙女苏珊·吉布斯说,她感到“悲伤、感激、自豪和希望交织在一起的复杂情绪”。与其把这次改造称作一场毫无遗憾的拯救,不如承认这种复杂情感更为诚实。船体得以留存,但人们接触它的方式已发生根本改变。4
我们认为,改造成礁体无疑是更体面的解决方案。
栖息地效应有待检验
同样,仅凭鱼群聚集在船体周围,也无法证明整个墨西哥湾的生物多样性或鱼类产量净增。一处结构可以很有吸引力,但这并不能回答它究竟为周边生态系统带来了什么。
研究合作方伍兹霍尔海洋研究所、多芬岛海洋实验室和路易斯安那州立大学计划追踪生物、物理和化学变化。该县自然资源主管亚历克斯·福格称,这艘客轮的规模为研究人工礁体随时间变化提供了难得机会。这是一项可信的科学前景:这里将成为一个异常庞大的观察场所,让人们观察变化,而不是已经取得的研究成果。3
公共回报仍需核算
当地公共资金来自短期租赁住宿的床位税,以及合作方的出资,而非县政府一般基金。这并不意味着资金属于私人。旅游税是公共收入,这项投资能否取得回报,不仅关系到酒店、餐馆、潜水商店、包船经营者和渔业企业,也关系到当地居民。6
目前,县政府可以指出,沉船作业已经完成,沉船看起来保持直立,而且这里成了新的潜水目的地。但更难证实的说法——海洋生态系统得到改善、旅游业持续增长、长期化学影响可以接受,以及博物馆向所有人开放——仍有待证明或完成。把船沉下去是一次工程考验。船周围会孕育出什么,以及公众能获得怎样的回报,将决定这项更大规模的事业能否成功。
来源15
按媒体查看所有来源
来自 15 家媒体的 20 个来源· 引用最多的优先
NPRnpr.org1 个视频4
- 首次报道于
- The SS United States is being sunk on purpose off the coast of Florida : NPR
- SS United States sunk to become world's largest artificial reef : NPR
- SS United States, a historic ship will be sunk to create an artificial reef : NPR
- Historic U.S. ocean liner sunk off Florida coast to create artificial reef · 视频
6abc Philadelphia6abc.com1
Get The Coastgetthecoast.com最先1
https://www.fox10tv.comfox10tv.com1
Maryland State Fire Marshalgovdelivery.com1
obawebsite.com1
Old Florida Moneyoldfloridamoney.com1
Quartzqz.com1
Scribdscribd.com1
播出原貌
- Crews sank a 990-foot ocean liner to turn it into an artificial reef.
- The SS United States is now open to divers off Florida. Okaloosa County allocated thirteen million dollars to a project intended to bring marine habitat and tourism income. Whether the wreck delivers those benefits will take longer to find out.
- The liner sank on November eleventh, twenty twenty-six, about twenty-two nautical miles off Destin–Fort Walton Beach. Okaloosa County calls the site the world's largest artificial reef. Early sonar and remotely operated vehicle inspections indicate that the ship landed upright.
- Hundreds of spectators watched from boats as crews opened intake valves and removed hull plugs. Gulf water flooded the vessel without explosives. After delays, the sinking took about five hours. The liner tilted onto its side as it disappeared, but the underwater inspections showed a different resting position.
- The uppermost deck is about sixty feet below the surface. The seabed is about a hundred eighty feet down. The safety zone has been lifted, but divers still need to match their training and equipment to the part they intend to visit.
- The sixty-foot figure replaces an earlier planning estimate of fifty-five feet. Opening this enormous wreck doesn't make every part suitable for every diver, or make entering the hull safe for everyone who can reach its upper deck.
- Hundreds of boats arrived and departed without reported injuries or significant boating incidents. Florida's wildlife commission deployed sixty-five personnel and assets during the November ninth through eleventh operation, alongside the county, Coast Guard and other law-enforcement partners.
- Marine units came from Alabama, Louisiana and Texas. Teams planned spectator traffic, emergency medical care and dive response. Overnight security began seventy-two hours before the sinking. Getting the liner onto the bottom upright was the engineering result that mattered after the spectacle above water.
- The SS United States still holds the transatlantic passenger-liner speed record. Launched in nineteen fifty-one, it won that distinction on its maiden voyage in July nineteen fifty-two. During speed trials, it reached about forty-four miles an hour.
- At 990 feet, the liner is more than a hundred feet longer than Titanic. Its steel hull and extensive aluminum construction combined size with lower weight. Designers also planned for military conversion, with a projected capacity of fourteen thousand troops traveling ten thousand miles without refueling.
- The ship carried Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy and Bill Clinton. Clinton traveled as a young Rhodes Scholar, before his presidency. Its passengers also included Marilyn Monroe, Duke Ellington and Walt Disney. Even the Mona Lisa crossed aboard in nineteen sixty-three.
- The liner's name is SS United States, and its nickname is America's Flagship. That history explains why its sinking carries a preservation argument alongside the reef project. A ship associated with American engineering and generations of passengers is now accessible mainly to people who can go underwater.
- The liner retired in nineteen sixty-nine as faster, more affordable air travel displaced ocean crossings. It lay in Philadelphia from nineteen ninety-six to twenty twenty-five. The Conservancy sold it to Okaloosa County for one million dollars in twenty twenty-four.
- Repeated restoration efforts ran into enormous costs and the difficulty of finding a berth the public could visit. The engines no longer worked, and most interior fittings were long gone. Scrapping threatened the ship's future. Crews later prepared it for reefing in Mobile, Alabama.
- Susan Gibbs, the Conservancy's board chair, described sorrow alongside gratitude, pride and hope before the sinking. She's the granddaughter of the liner's designer, William Francis Gibbs. She said, “We felt that reefing was by far the more dignified solution.”
- The county and Conservancy are developing a Museum and Visitor Experience in the Destin–Fort Walton Beach area. Plans reserve major pieces, including the stacks and mast, for that land-based project. A museum would let people explore the ship's history without diving. An opening date hasn't been announced.
- Subscribe to this channel as we follow the wreck's environmental monitoring and the county's promised tourism return.
- Crews prepared the ship under national environmental and maritime guidance, state rules and an Army Corps permit. The work targeted fuel, wiring and potentially harmful materials. Openings let water and marine life pass through. The county says all required environmental remediation was completed.
- Some older county planning material still describes approvals and sinking as future events. The completed November deployment supersedes those passages. The county announced completion on November twelfth, and the state issued its operational bulletin on November thirteenth. The ship itself went down on November eleventh.
- A judge denied a last-minute injunction request on November sixth. Public concerns included the vessel's coatings. The county says the substance drawing attention wasn't federally regulated for removal during reef preparation. Long-term monitoring will still have to assess chemical changes around the wreck.
- The court decision allowed the sinking to proceed. It didn't settle the long-term ecological question. That question includes what grows on the structure, what happens in the surrounding water and whether the wreck supports more marine life across the wider area.
- Algae, sponges, corals and barnacles can colonize submerged metal. Those organisms can support baitfish, which attract larger fish. The structure also offers shelter and feeding opportunities in a part of the Gulf with relatively little natural reef structure.
- Snapper and grouper are among the anticipated users. The county also hopes to support turtles and open-water fish such as mahi mahi and tuna. Those are expectations. Fish gathering at the hull alone wouldn't demonstrate a net increase in biodiversity or fish production across the Gulf.
- Destin–Fort Walton Beach already has more than five hundred eighty artificial reef sites. Florida recorded more than four thousand six hundred seventy-five deployment locations statewide as of October. Nearby, the 888-foot aircraft carrier USS Oriskany has drawn divers off Pensacola since two thousand six.
- Those inventories include different kinds of structures and locations. Adding sites may spread diving and fishing across more places, easing concentrated use of existing reefs. But the county also needs enough visitor demand to justify more investment. More wrecks don't automatically bring proportionately more spending.
- The county allocated thirteen million dollars for purchase, towing, remediation and museum assistance. A separately reported ten-million-dollar investment figure hasn't been reconciled with that broader allocation. The one-million-dollar ship purchase was one component. These figures don't provide a final audited project cost.
- The local public funding comes from bed taxes on short-term rentals, alongside partner contributions. The county's general fund isn't paying for the project. Tourism taxes are still public revenue, so the return on that investment matters to residents as well as the businesses hoping to benefit.
- Tourism director Jennifer Adams estimated that existing county reefs generate ten million to twelve million dollars in annual economic benefits. She expects the liner to increase that activity and repay its investment in “a couple of years.” That's a forecast for future business.
- County leaders also expect tens of thousands of annual visitors. The intended beneficiaries include hotels, restaurants, dive shops, charter operators and fishing businesses. Divers and anglers would travel here, stay overnight and spend locally. New-wreck visitor totals and business gains haven't yet shown whether those expectations will be met.
- Natural resources chief Alex Fogg calls the liner's scale a rare opportunity to study an artificial reef changing over time. The ship's upright arrival and opening to divers are immediate results. The promised ecological gains and sustained tourism return still need to be measured.
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Dauphin Island Sea Lab and Louisiana State University are research partners. They plan to track biological, physical and chemical changes as the wreck develops.
译文更新于





