司法 · 阿拉斯加认证诉讼
司法部能否因投给另一位沙利文的选票,阻止阿拉斯加认证参议院选举结果?
特朗普指示提起诉讼,要求在沙利文落败的特定情形下暂停认证。此案仍需法律授权,也需要一种可靠方法来确定选民意图。
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如果选民可能原本想选别人,联邦政府能否阻止阿拉斯加认证参议院选举结果?这是唐纳德·特朗普总统的司法部提交联邦法院的问题。其请求取决于两个条件:共和党现任参议员丹·S·沙利文必须落败,而且将投给另一名候选人丹尼尔·J·沙利文二世的选票假设性地重新归属后,必须能使现任参议员在阿拉斯加的排序选择投票程序中胜出。24
司法部希望在调查人员核查选民意图期间阻止认证。它尚未获得这一命令。截至10月25日,听证会日期尚未确定,提前投票正在进行,11月3日的选举尚未举行。提起诉讼不等于获得禁令、改变票数或得出选举结果。3 10
特朗普毫不含糊地表明了自己的责任。“是我说要这么做的,”他说。这是由总统指示提起的联邦诉讼,寻求在共和党现任参议员因特定条件而落败时阻止认证,而非华盛顿方面单纯旁观一场地方选票争议。18
两个名字不代表同一个选择
在讨论法律理论之前,必须先厘清相关人员。丹·S·沙利文是阿拉斯加州现任共和党联邦参议员。丹尼尔·J·沙利文二世是另一名候选人,也是一名退休教师。前国会议员玛丽·佩尔托拉是民主党挑战者。杰拉尔德·L·海克斯也出现在大选选票上。22 44
部分报道混淆了这些基本事实。CNN在10月24日的报道正确指出,这是联邦参议员选举,佩尔托拉是民主党挑战者。当日稍晚,MS NOW的一篇报道却错误地将其描述为州参议院选举,并称民主党人可能凭借“丹·杰伊·沙利文”获胜。官方选票明确了选举职位和候选人:丹尼尔并非其可能胜选受到讨论的那位民主党挑战者。1 6 44
司法部指称,丹尼尔故意参选,以混淆参议员支持者的视线并让佩尔托拉受益。丹尼尔否认自己试图误导选民,也否认自己是民主党的内应。有关他与佩尔托拉协调行动的指控仍未得到证实。两人姓氏相同是事实;策划欺骗选民则是需要证据支持的指控。24 13 11
选票提供的信息也不止是两个相似的名字。官方英文样票将“沙利文,丹尼尔·J·二世”列出,旁边没有党派标注。另有一栏列出“沙利文,丹·S”,并注明“(登记为共和党人)”和“现任”。官方尤皮克语样票同样区分了这两个名字,且没有在丹尼尔名字旁标注党派。报道称他属于共和党,不应与选民在选票上看到的姓名旁信息混为一谈。44 47
大选采用排序选择投票。样票为四名列出的候选人提供第一至第五顺位选项,并设有一行供选民填写其他人选。当排名较高的候选人被淘汰时,排名较低的偏好可能生效。这种转移依据选民的排序,而不是自动把选票分配给另一名姓名相似的人。45 44 48
证明不同的选票会产生不同的胜选者,并不能证明实际投出的选票是错误的。
选票已定,诉讼姗姗来迟
联邦政府介入前数月,丹尼尔的参选资格就在阿拉斯加受到质疑。选举官员以候选资格申请轻率为由将他移出选票;州法院诉讼程序随后恢复了他的参选资格。这一过程很重要,因为这不是选举前夕才发现的选票问题。20 24
州级选票争议
8月18日的初选说明了政治敏感性,但不能证明选民感到困惑。Decision Desk HQ标注为认证结果的表格显示,佩尔托拉获得82,244票,占49.54%;现任参议员获得68,726票,占41.40%;丹尼尔获得4,107票,占2.47%,按表中排序列第三。这些是初选结果,并非对11月排序结果的预测,也不能证明丹尼尔的支持者是误选了他。54 60
联邦诉讼的提交日期报道并不一致。NBC新闻10月23日的报道称,诉讼于周四,即10月22日提交;《独立报》10月23日的报道则称,是周五,即10月23日。诉状副本标注为10月22日,但这本身不能独立证实案件登记入档的时间戳。无论如何,诉讼是在选举日前不到两周、且提前投票开始之后才提出的,并非在任何人投票之前。24 23 63 3
美国政府在联邦诉讼中起诉阿拉斯加州及选举官员卡罗尔·比彻等被告。10月23日,支持玛丽·佩尔托拉的阿拉斯加人组织、佩尔托拉竞选团队和民主党参议院竞选委员会提交申请,要求作为被告介入诉讼。他们希望驳回此案,但申请加入诉讼不应与法院准许其加入的命令混为一谈:尚无证据表明法院已作出此类命令。63 62 67
他们的实质性异议直接针对司法部的反事实推论:将所有投给丹尼尔的选票都视为原本想投给现任参议员的选票,无视了选民的选择和阿拉斯加的排序选择程序。这是诉讼对方提出的论点,而非司法裁定,但它指出,除了证明结果会因此改变的计算外,政府仍需证明什么。3
缺乏介入诉讼的法律授权
在审理选民意图之前,法院先要面对一个更基本的问题:有什么法律授权提起这起诉讼并实施其寻求的认证限制?司法部援引《全国选民登记法》。然而,一部法律旨在保护选举的一般目的,本身并不能证明存在可强制执行的条款,允许提起这类诉讼或给予这种救济。27 18
选举法教授德里克·穆勒在10月23日的分析中特别指出,司法部依赖该法序言——即开篇的宗旨陈述——并得出结论称,这项主张不会成功。司法部前官员贾斯汀·莱维特在10月24日的分析中指出,缺乏法定诉因本身就足以致命。这些异议关乎政府是否有权起诉,而不仅仅是其对候选人的怀疑是否有说服力。79 80
其他专家从不同角度得出了同样持怀疑态度的评估。杰西卡·莱文森告诉CBS,她没有发现此类由总统指示、面向未来的行动有先例,并强调必须有具体的联邦法律条款作为依据。司法部前民权律师戴维·贝克尔告诉PBS,这场选票争议应由州法管辖,而且已在阿拉斯加州法院诉讼审理。这些都是等待法官裁决的法律评估,并非法院已经作出的驳回决定。18 21
播出原貌 27 行
- President Trump ordered a federal lawsuit targeting certification of Alaska's Senate election.
- The Justice Department wants a judge to stop the state from making its Senate result official under specific conditions. Early voting is already underway.
- The court must decide whether federal law allows that intervention, and how investigators could determine whom voters meant to choose.
- Alaskans vote on November 3. The department sued less than two weeks before Election Day, months after state courts allowed the disputed candidate onto the ballot. The earlier Superior Court proceedings took place in Anchorage.
- The United States brought the federal case against Alaska and election official Carol Beecher, among other defendants. Its request turns on votes for two different people with similar names.
- Dan S. Sullivan would have to lose. Then a hypothetical reassignment of Daniel J. Sullivan Jr.'s votes would have to make the incumbent the winner under ranked-choice voting. The department wants certification stopped while investigators examine voter intent.
- That hypothetical calculation could show that different votes would produce a different winner. It wouldn't show that voters made mistakes. Investigators would still need a reliable way to distinguish someone deliberately choosing Daniel from someone intending to choose the senator.
- Voters are choosing a United States senator. Mary Peltola, a former congresswoman, is the Democratic challenger. Daniel J. Sullivan Jr. is a separate candidate, a 69-year-old retired teacher and volunteer firefighter.
- The incumbent, Dan S. Sullivan, is the Republican senator. Daniel denies trying to mislead his supporters and denies being a Democratic plant. The general-election field also includes Gerald L. Heikes.
- The ballot gives voters more than matching surnames. It prints Daniel's fuller name and junior designation. Beside Dan S. Sullivan, it prints Registered Republican and Incumbent. Daniel's entry carries no party label. The official Yup'ik sample also distinguishes the names.
- Alaska first used ranked-choice voting in 2022. This sample offers first through fifth choices for four printed candidates and a write-in row. A lower preference can count when a higher-ranked candidate is eliminated. Voters' rankings determine that next choice.
- Election officials removed Daniel in June on a frivolous-candidacy rationale. Judge Thomas A. Matthews ordered him included on June 26. The state pursued an expedited appeal, and Alaska's Supreme Court heard argument and issued an order on June 29. Daniel retained ballot access.
- The challenge followed two eligibility complaints filed on behalf of Alaska Republican Party chair Carmela Warfield. Officials notified Daniel on June 10 and issued their final determination five days later. By August, he was competing in the primary.
- Peltola received 82,244 votes, or 49.54 percent. The incumbent received 68,726, or 41.40 percent. Daniel finished third with 4,107 votes, or 2.47 percent. Those August primary results explain the political sensitivity surrounding his candidacy.
- The Senate primary recorded 166,004 votes. Those totals don't tell us how November voters will rank candidates or whether anyone will confuse the names. The general-election contest is rated a toss-up.
- Trump took responsibility for initiating the federal case. He said, “I'm the one that said do it.” His administration is seeking a certification barrier that would operate if the Republican incumbent loses under the specified conditions.
- Associate Attorney General Stanley Woodward described the purpose as protecting the election's integrity. The complaint alleges Daniel deliberately entered to confuse the senator's supporters and benefit Peltola. Daniel denies that purpose. Claims that he coordinated with her remain unproved.
- Daniel's campaign reportedly had $1,901.51 on hand the preceding week. A primary-period account put his donor count at 12. Those snapshots don't tell us why donors contributed, or support assigning his voters to the incumbent.
- The filing day is disputed between October 22 and October 23. The complaint copy bears October 22. Either way, the department brought its case after early voting began and after the candidates' ballot access had been settled for months.
- Peltola's campaign and the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee asked to enter the case as defendants on October 23. They want to defeat the department's action. Their objection is that assuming Daniel's votes belong to the incumbent disregards voters' choices and their rankings.
- The Justice Department invokes the National Voter Registration Act. The legal challenge is whether an enforceable provision actually authorizes this lawsuit and the certification restriction it seeks. A law's broad purpose of protecting elections doesn't resolve those questions.
- Election-law professor Derek Muller points to the department's reliance on the act's preamble, its opening statement of purpose. Former Justice Department official Justin Levitt argues the government lacks a statutory right to bring this action. Both say the claim should fail.
- Jessica Levinson finds no precedent for this kind of prospective, presidentially directed action. David Becker says the ballot issue belongs under state law and was already litigated. Richard Pildes calls the case exceptionally weak. Those are legal assessments awaiting a judge's decision.
- The timing could also matter. The court could dismiss the case, consider it premature, or wait for actual results. The ballot dispute was known long before the department sought federal intervention.
- Attorney General Todd Blanche defended the case on October 25 and denied it lays groundwork for overturning an election. Sullivan says he'll let it run its course. Peltola calls the action a desperate attempt to cling to power and has called the proposed challenge corruption.
- Blanche described the action as concerning Alaska rather than a broader plan. His earlier remarks left open future federal intervention over certification, including what he called a hypothetical “doomsday scenario.”
- The department hasn't obtained an order stopping certification. As of October 25, the court hadn't set a hearing. Federal authority and a reliable way to determine voter intent are still unresolved. November 3 is Election Day; counting and litigation can continue afterward.
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