健康 · 玛莎·莱恩汉
改变自杀危机患者治疗方式的玛莎·莱恩汉逝世,享年83岁
原语言视频
译自英文原文。
同事在《西雅图时报》引用的一篇悼文中写道,玛莎·莱恩汉去世时,她最喜爱的格里高利圣咏正在播放。对于这位将禅宗正念融入自杀危机实用疗法的心理学家而言,灵性始终贯穿她的一生;她一生致力于帮助人们忍受痛苦,并找到超越痛苦的东西。1
她提出的并非简单的安慰,而是一种更具挑战性的做法:以接纳一个人当下的体验为基础,同时努力改变有害行为。这两项任务并不互相排斥。患者的痛苦可以是真实存在且值得照护的,同时,他们仍有可能以不同的方式生活。
兼顾两种事实的疗法
「辩证」一词点明了这种疗法的核心张力:接纳与改变相辅相成。接纳当下痛苦的现实,并不等于认定情况不会好转。努力促成改变,也不必意味着否定一个人正承受着多大的痛苦。莱恩汉将同时坚持这两种立场的努力置于治疗的核心。7
完整的 DBT 也不仅仅是一套练习。它结合了个体心理治疗、团体技能训练、电话辅导以及治疗师咨询团队。电话辅导帮助患者在治疗时段之外运用所学技能;咨询团队则为从事这项艰巨工作的临床医生提供支持。这种结构很重要:一张练习表或一次正念练习本身,并不等于完整的疗法。4
经验为其提供启发;研究对其进行检验
她的经历为其工作提供了启发,但个人叙述并非其唯一基础。莱恩汉接受培训并开展研究,以检验治疗方法。她于1968年在芝加哥洛约拉大学以优等成绩获得心理学学士学位,1970年获得硕士学位,1971年获得博士学位。此后她接受了博士后培训。19
她在纽约、芝加哥和华盛顿特区工作后,于1977年加入华盛顿大学心理学系。在那里,她获得数十项研究经费,用于检验正念和日常应对技巧等方法。她的个人经历与科学研究属于同一个故事,但各自发挥着不同作用:经历帮助她认识到其中的利害,研究则检验哪些方法可能帮助其他人。1
她著有七本书,创立了一个 DBT 培训机构,获得过杰出学者奖项和荣誉,并在专业协会担任领导职务。但衡量她影响力最清晰的方式,也是最有人情味的方式:其他临床医生将她的工作带入自己的诊疗实践和社区。1
莉兹·德克斯特-马扎曾是博士后研究员,后来开发了一套以 DBT 为基础的学校课程。莱恩汉去世后的几天,她正在马里兰州参加一场 DBT 会议。她告诉《时报》,与会临床医生一同悼念并缅怀了莱恩汉。她说:「世界失去了一位巨人。」1
华盛顿大学心理学系主任约瑟夫·西斯内罗斯指出,她的影响力远超学术出版物。他在《时报》引用的一份声明中说:「玛莎留下的遗产远不止于她的学术成果。」他称赞了她的教学、指导工作,以及她对深受痛苦的人们的投入。1
你可以善待他人,几乎每个人都做得到。关键是围绕这一点来构建你的生活。
莱恩汉身后留下女儿杰拉尔丁·罗德里格斯、女婿、一名孙女、一名姐妹和三名兄弟。据《时报》报道,家人预计将举行私人追悼仪式;日期尚未确定。1
她留下了一种疗法,也留下了几代受过培训、能够提供这种疗法的临床医生。她还给这个行业留下了一项挑战:治疗一个人很困难,并不能证明这个人无可救药。
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washington.edu7
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy | Behavioral Research & Therapy Clinics
- Info on Dr. Linehan’s Life, Work and “Building a Life Worth Living” | Behavioral Research & Therapy Clinics
- Marsha Linehan | Behavioral Research & Therapy Clinics
- 1968 B.S., Cum Laude, Psychology, Loyola University (Chicago) 1970 M.A., Psychology, Loyola University (Chicago) 1971 Ph.D., Psychology, Loyola University (Chicago) 1971-1972 Postdoctoral Clinical Intern, Suicide Prevention and Crisis Service Inc., Buffalo, New York 1972-1973 Postdoctoral Fellow in Behavior Modification, State University of New York, Stony Brook
- 1968 B.S., Cum Laude, Psychology, Loyola University (Chicago) 1970 M.A., Psychology, Loyola University (Chicago) 1971 Ph.D., Psychology, Loyola University (Chicago) 1971-1972 Postdoctoral Clinical Intern, Suicide Prevention and Crisis Service Inc., Buffalo, New York 1972-1973 Postdoctoral Fellow in Behavior Modification, State University of New York, Stony Brook
- Marsha Linehan’s Memoir to be Released in Early 2020 | Behavioral Research & Therapy Clinics
- Q&A with Marsha | Behavioral Research & Therapy Clinics
The Seattle Times — Localseattletimes.com2
ABCT - Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapiesabct.org1
bpdfoundation.org.au1
Legacymemoirname.ng1
Linehan Institutelinehaninstitute.org1
Louisville Public Medialpm.org1
pdbti.org1
Psychology Todaypsychologytoday.com1
播出原貌
- Marsha Linehan, who developed a leading therapy for people facing suicidal distress, has died at 83.
- Her work gave clinicians a practical way to help patients often dismissed as too difficult to treat. How did she turn her own experience of psychological pain into a treatment others could use?
- Linehan died in Seattle on November 10. Colleagues said she'd been hospitalized for pneumonia on October 31 and later moved to end-of-life care. She was a longtime University of Washington psychologist and, later, professor emeritus.
- Dialectical behavior therapy, usually called DBT, began with people experiencing persistent suicidal distress who had borderline personality disorder. That condition can involve intense fears of abandonment, unstable emotions, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Linehan challenged a treatment culture that often regarded these patients as exceptionally difficult to help.
- The comprehensive treatment combines individual psychotherapy with group skills training. Telephone coaching helps patients use those skills, and a consultation team supports the therapists. Linehan built practical coping skills into a treatment that also depends on a sustained therapeutic relationship.
- DBT is a cognitive-behavioral treatment, working on patterns of thinking and behavior. Linehan brought behavioral and talk-therapy approaches together with Zen mindfulness practices. She made room for a person's pain while helping them develop ways to respond to it.
- Linehan paired acceptance of a person's present experience with work on changing harmful behavior. Both belonged in treatment. Patients learn skills to tolerate distress, regulate emotions and change how they act when those emotions become overwhelming.
- DBT became a leading treatment for symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Clinicians have also used it for substance use disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders, as well as bipolar disorder and anxiety. Its reach has grown across conditions, with the evidence depending on the particular condition and treatment being used.
- Linehan grew up in Tulsa, the third of six children, born in 1943. Piano helped her express emotion. At 18, she experienced severe depression and suicidal distress. Her psychiatric treatment in her late teens included powerful antipsychotic medication, seclusion and electroconvulsive therapy.
- In her memoir, she described losing the ability to play piano after that treatment. After another hospitalization, she turned to prayer and became deeply committed to Catholicism. She eventually left the Church, but spirituality stayed important. She developed what she called radical acceptance: acknowledging present pain without judgment.
- She earned her psychology bachelor's degree, cum laude, in 1968, her master's in 1970, and her doctorate in 1971. All were at Loyola University in Chicago. After postdoctoral training and work in New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C., she joined UW in 1977.
- At UW, she secured dozens of research grants to test approaches including mindfulness and everyday coping skills. Her experiences informed that work, and research tested it. In 2011, she publicly revealed her psychiatric struggle. Her memoir, Building a Life Worth Living, followed in 2020. She wrote seven books and founded a DBT training organization.
- Subscribe to this channel to follow how Linehan's work continues through the clinicians she trained.
- Lizz Dexter-Mazza, her former postdoctoral fellow, said, “The world has lost a giant.” She added that Linehan's impact was so far-reaching she would never be forgotten. UW psychology chair Joseph Sisneros praised her influence on generations of students, researchers and clinicians.
- Dexter-Mazza went on to develop a DBT-based school curriculum. She was at a DBT conference in Maryland after Linehan's death, where clinicians mourned and celebrated her together. Tributes also came from people whose lives DBT had affected. Linehan received distinguished fellowships and awards and held leadership roles in professional associations.
- In a 2019 conversation with psychologist Ursula Whiteside, Linehan said she'd developed DBT to “get people out of hell.” She meant unbearable pain and wanting to be dead without seeing a way out. Asked how she wanted to be remembered, she wanted to be someone who helped others.
- “You can be kind to other people, just about everybody can do that,” she said. “The idea is to build your life around that. It just fits the spiritual life that I came through.”
- Sisneros said her legacy extended beyond scholarship, through teaching, mentorship and commitment to people experiencing profound suffering. Colleagues described her dying peacefully with her favorite Gregorian chant music playing. She is survived by her daughter, Geraldine Rodriguez, a son-in-law, a granddaughter, a sister and three brothers. A private family service is expected.
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