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深入鲤鱼体内:明尼苏达州的新扫描仪加入声音屏障研究

贝尔博物馆的新扫描仪或可帮助研究人员探索驱避入侵鲤鱼的声音。证明这些声音既不影响本地鱼类、又能持续奏效,才是更艰巨的任务。

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译自英文原文。

长期以来,为防止入侵鲤鱼在密西西比河流域扩散,人们采用过一种不同寻常的屏障:声音。明尼苏达大学的研究人员如今正从鱼体内部着手研究这一问题。圣保罗贝尔博物馆新安装的CT扫描仪可以对完整标本进行三维检查,并帮助研究人员探索鲤鱼的解剖结构是否有助于确定一种能劝退入侵鱼类、又不阻挡本地物种的声音。⁠26⁠1

这是一项新的研究能力,并非已被证实可用于保护明尼苏达水域的新防御措施。扫描仪无需解剖即可显示内部结构。这些结构能否指向一种鲤鱼会避开的声音,以及这种反应能否持续,仍有待确定。

这台设备是尼康VOXLS 20 C-225微型CT扫描仪。该校于2026年8月3日宣布购入,并在10月14日的一篇文章中称设备已安装到位。CBS明尼苏达州台11月4日的报道则具体解释了研究人员希望借助它探索的鲤鱼问题。⁠13⁠11⁠1

标本旋转时,机器会连续采集一系列X射线图像。计算机随后将这些图像重建为三维物体,让研究人员能够检查内部,同时使原始标本保持完整,以便今后研究。卡桑德拉·福特告诉CBS明尼苏达州台:“然后,计算机会进行大量复杂的数学运算,把它变成一个三维物体。”⁠1

福特是贝尔博物馆鱼类与软体动物馆长,也是明尼苏达大学渔业、野生动物与保护生物学系助理教授。她希望研究入侵鲤鱼的头骨如何演化,以及它们的解剖结构能否为听力差异提供线索。实际目标是找到入侵鲤鱼能听到、而本地鱼类听不到的声音。⁠13⁠1

然后,我们就基本上可以制造出那种声音,让鲤鱼不想待在那个区域。

卡桑德拉·福特 1

从解剖结构到有效屏障

从获得详尽图像到实现这一目标,中间还需要经过多个步骤。首先必须将解剖差异与听力联系起来。接下来,听到声音必须能转化为回避行为。并且,反复暴露后,这种回避仍须有效,同时不能阻止本地鱼类穿过同一片水域。

据报道,CT研究尚未证明上述一连串环节成立。福特的介绍没有指出扫描发现了任何有效频率、测得的听力范围、本地鱼类对照结果或已完成的声音试验。介绍中也没有说明她的扫描项目针对哪种鲤鱼。这一区别很重要:明尼苏达州将银鲢、大头鲢、草鱼和黑鲤列为入侵物种,而此处讨论的听力与驱避研究具体涉及银鲢和大头鲢。不能简单地把这两种鱼的研究结果视为适用于全部四种鱼。⁠1⁠23⁠22⁠26

另有声学实验展示了研究人员如何研究问题中的行为部分。2025年发表在《美国渔业学会学报》上的一项研究,将配有发射器的银鲢放入设有水下监测阵列的土池中。研究人员让鱼听三种声音,每次播放30分钟:啁啾锯齿波、啁啾方波和一台100马力的船用发动机。现有摘要摘录描述了实验设置,但并未证明任何一种声音在驱鱼方面的效果。这些实验不是福特影像研究的结果。⁠25

《PLoS ONE》2025年的另一篇论文称,宽频声学驱避措施前景可期,目前正在密西西比河航运船闸的闸室中接受评估。这类非实体屏障旨在减少鲤鱼通过,同时允许船只通行。但论文摘要也指出了核心局限:没有任何一种驱避措施能完全奏效,鱼类还可能逐渐习惯反复出现的声音。⁠26

艾伦·F·门辛格(Allen F. Mensinger)2026年的一篇综述报告称,声学驱避措施的成效不一,受控研究或长期研究的基础相对薄弱。一些报告也未能充分说明声音的具体特征——而在声音本身就是被测试的干预手段时,这便成了一个问题。仅凭一次暴露后的反应,不足以证明能为水道提供持久保护。⁠27

不过,声音确有一些实际优势。它可以传播相当远的距离,受光照和天气影响相对较小,也不必妨碍航行。综述还称,实施声学驱避措施的成本相对较低。这些都是继续研究的理由,并非有效性的保证,也不是对贝尔博物馆扫描仪可能带来的任何成果的价格估算。⁠27

不只是用于研究鲤鱼的设备:博物馆资源

扫描仪的价值并不局限于有望用于驱鱼。福特特别提到,一枚蝙蝠头骨的三维图像格外引人注目,并介绍了研究保存动物进化解剖结构的机会。这套设备可支持学生研究,鲤鱼只是数十种潜在应用之一。她提到拥有数亿年历史的动物,说的是它们的进化谱系,而非博物馆标本的年代。⁠1

这笔资金也涵盖更广泛的项目。福特最初为“通过CT扫描呈现明尼苏达州自然资源”项目提出的申请金额为$1,062,000。获批的工作计划列出的项目预算为$955,000;该计划于2025年6月5日提交,并于6月24日获批。这两个数字都不能说明扫描仪单独的购置价格。若把整个项目预算当作设备价格,就会给读者一种文件并不支持的精确感。⁠12⁠2

与扫描仪相关的最大数字也需要谨慎解读。研究人员描述的潜在扫描范围最多可达三百万个标本,包括昆虫、鸟类、爬行动物和哺乳动物。该校10月的报道也提到约三百万个标本。这并不代表已完成扫描的总数、已证实的年度处理速度,也不是经过核实的完成期限。⁠1⁠11

此外,统计口径还有一个尚未解决的问题。贝尔博物馆的馆藏页面列出超过120万个科学标本。现有报道没有解释这一馆藏清单与约三百万个标本的扫描范围如何对应,也未说明两者是否采用不同定义或涵盖不同藏品。两组数字不应相互替代。⁠14⁠11

已知

  • 已安装的扫描仪可以生成完整标本的三维图像,让研究人员无需解剖即可研究其内部结构。 111

未知

  • 目前尚无证据表明,基于CT扫描结果产生的声音能够可靠驱赶目标鲤鱼,同时不影响本地鱼类;相关报道也未公布此类测试的具体时间节点。

后续

  • 需要关注的证据包括:特定解剖发现是否能与听力测量结果、选择性回避行为,以及在反复暴露后仍持续的反应相联系。

生态上的目标并非只是让鲤鱼远离噪声,而是在保留本地物种通行的同时劝退入侵鱼类。扫描仪为研究人员提供了一个更详尽的起点。当解剖结构能够与首次接触后仍然有效的行为反应联系起来时,才能检验它对研究的贡献。

播出原貌
  1. A new scanner lets researchers look inside invasive carp without cutting the specimens apart.
  2. University of Minnesota researchers want those images to help protect waterways from invasive fish while preserving movement for native species. They're investigating whether carp anatomy could point to sounds that drive invasive fish away. Can that research produce a deterrent that works selectively and keeps working?
  3. The Bell Museum in St. Paul now houses a Nikon VOXLS 20 C-225 micro-CT scanner. It creates three-dimensional views of internal anatomy while keeping preserved specimens intact, giving researchers another way to explore how animals evolved.
  4. Kassandra Ford is the museum's curator of fishes and mollusks and a University of Minnesota assistant professor in fisheries, wildlife and conservation biology. She singled out a bat skull as particularly striking in three dimensions. The equipment also opens opportunities for student research, with carp among dozens of possible applications.
  5. The specimen rotates while the scanner collects a succession of X-ray views. A computer then reconstructs those views into a three-dimensional object. Researchers can examine the interior while leaving the original specimen in one piece for further study.
  6. Ford wants to investigate how invasive carp skulls evolved and whether their anatomy offers a clue to differences in hearing. The practical goal is a sound carp can detect and avoid, while native fish continue through the same water. An anatomical difference gives researchers somewhere to start. They still have to connect it to hearing and behavior.
  7. Ford's ambition is to produce a sound that makes carp avoid an area. Her CT work hasn't yet demonstrated a sound that reliably repels carp while sparing native fish. That selective protection is the result researchers are pursuing.
  8. Invasive carp are spreading through the Mississippi River basin and pose ecological risks. Existing hearing and sound-deterrent research specifically includes silver and bighead carp. Minnesota also classifies grass and black carp as invasive. Findings about silver and bighead carp can't simply be extended to all four species, and Ford hasn't identified which carp species her scanning project targets.
  9. Silver carp have already faced 30-minute underwater sound tests in earthen ponds. Researchers tracked transmitter-equipped fish using underwater monitoring arrays. They played three sounds: chirp saw, chirp square, and a 100-horsepower boat motor. Those experiments were separate from Ford's imaging work.
  10. That experimental setup alone doesn't tell us how effectively the sounds deterred the fish. Other work on conditioning silver and bighead carp describes broad-frequency sound deterrents as promising and under assessment in Mississippi River navigation locks. Such barriers aim to reduce carp passage while allowing vessels through. But no single deterrent is completely effective, and fish may grow accustomed to repeated sound.
  11. Sound deterrents have had variable success. Researchers have relatively few controlled or long-term studies to judge, and some experiments haven't described their sounds precisely enough. A useful response must last through repeated exposure if it's going to help protect a waterway.
  12. Sound remains attractive because it can travel considerable distances and is relatively independent of light and weather. It can also work alongside navigation and may be relatively inexpensive to implement. Those advantages explain the interest. They don't provide a price or an effectiveness guarantee for anything that might emerge from this scanner project.
  13. The university announced the scanner's acquisition on August 3, 2026, and described it as installed by October 14. The November 4 explanation of Ford's carp research adds a practical ambition to that capability. Funding work began earlier: the CT project's work plan was submitted June 5, 2025, and approved June 24.
  14. Ford's original proposal requested $1,062,000. The approved project budget is $955,000. That funding covers the CT-scanning project, called Visualizing Minnesota's Natural Resources with CT-Scanning. The scanner's individual purchase price hasn't been identified within that total.
  15. The scanner's potential reach extends across insects, birds, reptiles and mammals. Ford also described studying animal groups whose evolutionary histories stretch back hundreds of millions of years. The images offer a way to investigate that long history across preserved animals, while leaving the museum's specimens available for future research.
  16. Researchers describe a prospective scope of up to three million specimens. The museum lists more than 1.2 million scientific specimens. Its biodiversity atlas holds over 2.2 million records. The museum hasn't explained how those counts fit together.
  17. A database record doesn't automatically represent another physical specimen, and the scanning figure describes future work. For carp, the scanner now supplies detailed anatomy to investigate. Researchers still need evidence that a sound discourages invasive fish, preserves native-fish passage, and keeps working after repeated exposure. They haven't announced a date for that test.

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