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科学 · 露脊鲸幼鲸

一头迟迟才被发现的露脊鲸幼鲸,使本季总数升至24头

来自魁北克的照片让Silt此前未被记录的幼鲸加入了一个非同寻常的繁殖季。接下来的考验是幼鲸能否存活,而不只是出生数量。

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译自英文原文。

北大西洋露脊鲸的种群数量在2010年至2020年间减少了约四分之一,随后开始小幅回升。如今,一头此前未被研究人员计入的幼鲸,让它们创下17年来最强繁殖季的纪录再添新纪录——对于一个恢复仍取决于母鲸和幼鲸能否存活的物种来说,这是令人欣慰的补充。⁠1

这头此前未被记录的幼鲸与母鲸Silt并肩的照片摄于9月,地点在魁北克省安蒂科斯蒂岛附近;它使2025–26繁殖季的产仔数从23头升至24头。这是2009年以来产仔最多的一个繁殖季,也是有记录以来第四高的数字。这是一次迟来的辨认,并非秋季出生的证据:新英格兰水族馆的科学家认为,这头幼鲸很可能出生于冬季繁殖季,数月后才被纳入他们的记录。⁠1⁠2

关键事实

  1. 24修订后的繁殖季幼鲸总数 2
  2. 约380头北大西洋露脊鲸估计种群数量 15
  3. 约70头剩余的具有繁殖能力的雌鲸 15

水族馆于2026年11月2日宣布确认了这头幼鲸,此前研究人员分析了来自加拿大的照片和目击数据。明根岛鲸类研究的Mathilde Laverdière于9月25日拍摄的一张照片显示,Silt和她的幼鲸位于圣劳伦斯湾的雅克-卡蒂埃海峡。这张有日期的照片证实了那次相遇,但不一定标志着人们第一次看到这对母子。⁠2⁠5

Silt现年38岁,在照片目录中的编号为1817。这是她已知的第六头幼鲸。对于追踪繁殖雌鲸数量如此之少的种群的研究人员来说,确认母鲸身份,就能把一次意外目击与悠久的繁殖史联系起来,而不只是留下一个无法确认身份的幼鲸身影。⁠1⁠2

冬季出生,数月后才被确认

露脊鲸通常在冬季于美国东南部近海产仔,之后向北前往新英格兰和加拿大水域觅食。2026年2月,Silt曾短暂出现在南部的繁殖地,但观察人员没有记录到她当时与这头幼鲸在一起。从春季到夏季,沿美国东海岸进行的船只和空中调查也没有记录到这对母子。⁠1

这就需要区分照片所显示的内容与科学家的推断。9月时,幼鲸仍活着,并与Silt待在一起。它确切的出生日期和出生地点仍不确定。水族馆认为它很可能属于冬季繁殖季,这是评估,并非有人亲眼见证它出生,也不是精确确定了它的年龄。⁠1⁠2⁠5

水族馆安德森·卡博特中心的科学家Amy Warren说:“2026年2月,人们曾短暂地在美国东南部的繁殖地看到Silt,因此她有可能在那里产下幼鲸,但在两者被记录到一起之前就悄悄离开了。”她的解释为记录中的空白提供了一种合理的可能情形,但并未证实幼鲸是在那里出生的。⁠1

广泛的照片编目使得露脊鲸出生却未被记录的情况并不常见。然而,无论目录维护得多么细致,它也只能收录观察人员成功记录下来的相遇。来自加拿大的照片改变了人们对一个已经结束的繁殖季的解读——并非因为必然发生了新的出生,而是因为研究人员终于获得了此前漏记的一头幼鲸的证据。⁠1⁠2

这恰恰说明海洋有多辽阔,也说明这些动物可能会在茫茫海上消失踪迹。

理查德·西尔斯 1

明根岛鲸类研究的创始人兼主任西尔斯谈的是观察所受的局限。已记录的这次目击并不能证明幼鲸曾与Silt分开,或是处于困境之中。缺失的部分在人类的记录里。

更完善的统计不等于种群恢复

在确认这头幼鲸之前,水族馆已经记录了23对母鲸与幼鲸,这本来就是2009年以来季节性总数的最高纪录。自2010年以来,每年有记录的出生数仅少数几次超过20头;2018年则没有记录到任何出生。放在这段历史背景下,第24头幼鲸是这个异常繁盛的繁殖季中一项重要的增量。⁠19⁠1

但出生数不等于存活数,也不等于种群净变化。新增这头幼鲸,并不意味着该物种增加了24头存活个体。要得出这种结论,还需了解这一季出生的幼鲸后来如何,同时核算整个种群的死亡情况。9月的照片证明这头幼鲸至少存活到了那次相遇,但无法保证此后会发生什么。

美国国家海洋和大气管理局公布的2026年繁殖季信息显示,该物种约有380头,其中约70头为具有繁殖能力的雌鲸。这些是估算值,并非精确清点结果。繁殖种群规模较小,有助于解释科学家为何密切追踪每头母鲸:对于这个物种来说,能够孕育下一代的个体一旦损失,几乎没有多少缓冲空间。⁠15

也应当看到,自2020年以来种群数量略有回升。此前的下降趋势并未持续不间断地延续,但有所改善并不能消除危险。船只碰撞和渔具缠绕仍是严重威胁,海洋变暖也使鲸鱼的活动范围移至保护区之外。Silt曾多次从渔具缠绕中幸存下来。她已知的第六头幼鲸,证明了这头母鲸成功繁殖;但她也曾面临可能令这种繁殖成果付诸东流的危险。⁠1⁠3

这项发现值得被视为好消息,但不应要求它证明超出其能力范围的事情。研究人员如今知道,在一个非同寻常的繁殖季里又多了一头幼鲸。这个繁殖季能否成为恢复进程中持久的一步,取决于这些幼鲸有多少能够存活,以及出生数能否超过死亡数。

播出原貌
  1. A previously uncounted right whale calf has lifted the season's birth tally to 24. Around 380 North Atlantic right whales remain, and this is their strongest recorded calving season in 17 years. But their recovery depends on whether those calves survive, and whether births can outpace deaths.
  2. Researchers had already recorded 23 mother-calf pairs. Adding this calf brings the tally to 24, the fourth highest on record. Aquarium scientists believe it was born during the winter calving season, months before they identified it.
  3. The New England Aquarium announced the identification on November second, after analyzing photographs and sighting data from Canada. The calf appeared alongside its mother, Silt. Researchers with the Mingan Island Cetacean Study, a nonprofit based in Quebec's Côte-Nord region, had photographed the pair off Anticosti Island in September.
  4. A September twenty-fifth photograph places Silt and her calf in the Jacques-Cartier Passage, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mathilde Laverdière took the photograph for the Mingan Island Cetacean Study. It documents the pair together in Canadian waters.
  5. Silt is 38 years old, and this is her sixth known calf. Researchers track individual whales through an extensive photographic catalog, giving them a way to follow mothers across sightings and breeding seasons. Silt's calf hadn't previously appeared in this season's birth record, despite boat and aerial surveys along the U.S. East Coast through spring and summer.
  6. Silt briefly visited the southeastern U.S. calving grounds in February. Researchers didn't document her with this calf there. The September photograph and November announcement came much later, leaving scientists to assess when the birth most likely happened.
  7. Right whales usually give birth in winter off the southeastern United States. They then travel north to feed in New England and Canadian waters. That seasonal movement offers a plausible explanation for a calf appearing far from the calving grounds months after the winter surveys ended.
  8. Aquarium scientist Amy Warren says Silt may have given birth in the southeastern calving grounds and left before observers documented them together. Scientists consider a winter birth likely, but the calf's exact birth date and birthplace are still uncertain.
  9. Boat crews and aircraft can miss a mother and calf even during months of monitoring. Unrecorded births are unusual because researchers catalog these animals so closely. This identification shows how a later sighting can change the record of a breeding season that has already ended.
  10. Richard Sears, the founder and director of the Mingan Island Cetacean Study, put the challenge this way. “It just goes to show you how big the ocean is, and how those animals can get lost out there.”
  11. No right whale births were recorded in 2018. Since 2010, annual documented births have exceeded 20 only a few times. Even before Silt's calf was identified, the 23 recorded pairs had made this season the strongest since 2009. The extra calf improves an already unusually productive season.
  12. Only about 70 reproductively active females remain within a global population estimated at around 380. That small breeding population makes each mother-calf pair consequential. Silt's sixth known calf adds another documented birth from a mother researchers have followed for years.
  13. The population lost roughly a quarter of its whales between 2010 and 2020, then rebounded slightly. The recent improvement follows a decade of substantial losses. Ship collisions and entanglement in fishing gear remain severe dangers, while warming ocean conditions have shifted whale movements beyond protected waters.
  14. Silt herself has survived multiple fishing-gear entanglements. Her ability to produce another calf comes alongside that continuing exposure to human-made hazards. Conservationists have also criticized U.S. government decisions to delay new protections for a decade to help commercial fishing.
  15. The revised tally counts documented births. It doesn't tell us how many of the season's calves survive or how the whole population changes after deaths. Silt's calf was alive alongside her in September. For that birth to contribute to recovery, the young whale has to survive the dangers its mother has already faced.

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