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经济 · 罗马尼亚GDP

罗马尼亚GDP反弹2.1%,但九个月产出仍低于2025年

第三季度增长强劲,但1月至9月的产出仍低于2025年。即将进行的预算修订必须兼顾这两个事实。

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原语言视频

译自英文原文。

罗马尼亚经济是否已走出低谷,还是仅仅一个强劲季度让疲弱的一年看起来好一些?

最新GDP数据为经济反弹提供了证据,但还不足以证明复苏具有持久性。经季节调整后,2026年第三季度产出大幅上升,较上一季度增长2.1%。然而,1月至9月期间,经济产出仍低于2025年同期。改善幅度相当可观;九个月累计仍为负,同样是不争的事实。⁠4

对于正面临又一次预算修订的政府来说,这一区别很重要。季度反弹是好消息,但它并不能确定全年将实现多大增长,也不能说明经济能够支撑怎样的收入和支出计划。

+2.1%第三季度较上一季度增长,经季节调整 4
−0.3%九个月同比变化,未调整 34
−1.0%九个月同比变化,经季节调整 34

反弹,是相对于什么而言?

国家统计局(简称INS)于11月13日发布了初步估算。Financial Intelligence和News.ro在报道这些估算时指出,季度增长2.1%是经季节调整序列中的实际增长。简单来说,这意味着数据已计入价格变化,同时也调整了反复出现的季节性规律,以便更好地比较相邻季度。⁠3⁠4

与一年前相比,情况就没有那么显著。按未调整数据,第三季度GDP仅比2025年7月至9月高出0.1%;经季节调整后则高出0.3%。这些幅度不大的同比增长,让季度大幅增长的实际意义更清楚:产出较春季明显上升,但仅略高于一年前的水平。⁠3

这并不矛盾。环比增长率衡量的是最新季度相对于紧邻其前一季度的变化。同比增长率衡量的是与一年前同一季度之间的差距。如果经济在这段时间内有所走弱,那么强劲的环比增长完全可能与微弱的同比增长并存。

九个月数据回答的是另一个问题:罗马尼亚1月至9月的产出与2025年同期相比如何。答案仍然是负增长——未调整数据下降0.3%,经季节调整后下降1.0%。这是采用不同统计处理方式得出的数据,并非基于完全相同口径的相互竞争的估算。两者都应保留各自的标签,也都不能支持第三季度反弹已抹去年内迄今疲弱的说法。⁠3⁠4

修订后的季度序列让这种疲弱更加清楚。第一季度产出较2025年最后一个季度收缩0.3%,而此前估算为下降0.1%。第二季度仍持平。直到第三季度,增长才恢复至2.1%。因此,最新的反弹是在第一季度收缩幅度比早先数据所示更大的情况下出现的。⁠4

在加入第三季度估算值后,罗马尼亚国家统计局(INS)也按照季度惯例重新计算了经季节调整的历史数据。修订涉及2025年,并取代了10月9日公布的数据序列。这提醒我们,随着新数据陆续到来,季节调整结果会更新,并非首次发布后就永久固定。⁠3

部分历史数据的修订方向相反。2025年第四季度的数量指数从98.3上调至98.5,而2026年第一季度指数则从99.9下调至99.7。每个指数都以此前一个季度为100:这些是指数,不是增长率。稳妥的结论是,估算中的第一季度收缩加深了,而不是绝对产出水平必然也按同样幅度下调。⁠1⁠3

预算仍有待解答

罗马尼亚2026年原预算假设经济增长1%。Știrile ProTV报道称,这一假设后来通过紧急预算修正案进行了调整,但报道没有给出替代增长率。原本预计11月还将进行进一步的预算修订,并且必须考虑经济的实际表现。⁠1

简单地用九个月的收缩幅度减去原先的预测,并把结果称为全年缺口,会产生误导。预算假设涵盖十二个月;最新收缩数据涵盖九个月。第四季度仍然重要,之后的任何修订也同样重要。

对家庭和依赖公共服务的人来说,实际问题在于政府将如何应对这幅较弱的经济图景。这些GDP数据并不能证明会出现某种特定的增税、削减支出或就业结果。总量层面的反弹也不能证明生活水平有所改善。这些都是不同的问题,需要超出 headline 增长率之外的证据。

能否持续是另一个尚未解决的问题。初步数据没有说明增长来自哪些行业或支出组成部分,因此无法确定动能是来自消费、投资还是贸易。首个临时第三季度估算值定于12月7日公布,这将是对反弹情况的下一次有明确日期的检验。随着更多统计信息陆续出现,估算结果可能会改变。⁠4⁠1

罗马尼亚有一个强劲季度可以作为起点,但还没有一个值得庆祝的复苏之年。下一次统计数据发布将检验改善的幅度;预算修订则将显示政府如何应对仍然存在的疲弱。

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  1. Romania’s economy grew 2.1 percent in one quarter and still finished nine months down.
  2. The government faces another budget revision after building its original spending plan around economic growth. What’s still unclear is whether the rebound will hold, and how the government will budget for the weaker year so far.
  3. Romania produced less across January through September than it did over the same months last year. The National Institute of Statistics released these preliminary estimates on November 13. They show a sharp quarterly improvement alongside a negative nine-month balance.
  4. Gross domestic product measures the economy’s total output. The latest quarterly increase measures July through September against April through June, after adjusting for recurring seasonal patterns. That adjustment makes neighboring quarters more comparable. The 2.1 percent increase measures growth in real terms, with price changes taken into account.
  5. Across the first nine months, output fell 0.3 percent on the unadjusted measure. After seasonal adjustment, it fell 1 percent. Both compare the same nine months with 2025, and both leave the economy below its year-earlier level.
  6. The size of the decline changes with the statistical treatment, so each figure needs its label. The same care applies to the rebound. A strong rise from the previous quarter can coexist with very little growth from a year earlier, because each comparison starts from a different level.
  7. The third quarter exceeded its year-earlier level by just 0.1 percent unadjusted, or 0.3 percent seasonally adjusted. Those small annual gains put the much larger quarterly bounce in perspective. Earlier weakness still weighs on the nine-month total.
  8. The first quarter was also weaker than previously estimated. Statisticians now put its contraction at 0.3 percent, compared with the final quarter of 2025. They had estimated a 0.1 percent decline in the October 9 release. The second quarter’s estimate stays unchanged, with no growth.
  9. Subscribe to this channel to follow the next GDP estimate and Romania’s pending budget revision.
  10. Output fell 0.3 percent in the first quarter, held flat at zero percent growth in the second, then rose 2.1 percent in the third. That sequence shows how abruptly growth returned after a weaker start to the year.
  11. Adding the third-quarter estimate also prompted statisticians to recalculate the seasonally adjusted history. They repeat that process each quarter under European statistical practice. The changes reach back into 2025 and replace figures published in October’s second provisional estimate for the second quarter.
  12. The first-quarter 2025 index moves from 100.1 to 100.0. The fourth-quarter index rises from 98.3 to 98.5. These indices set the preceding quarter at 100. A reading below that means output contracted, while 100 means it stayed unchanged.
  13. The recalculation leaves the second and third quarters of 2025 unchanged. It also leaves the second quarter of 2026 unchanged. For the first quarter of this year, the index falls from 99.9 to 99.7, matching the deeper contraction now estimated.
  14. Romania’s original budget assumed 1 percent growth for the full year. The government later changed that assumption through an emergency budget amendment. Another budget revision was expected in November, bringing the economy’s actual performance into decisions about revenue and spending.
  15. The original growth assumption covers twelve months, while these contraction figures cover nine. The final full-year result still depends on the remaining quarter. For households and public services, the next concrete development is how the government translates the weaker economic picture into its budget choices.
  16. The flash estimate leaves the drivers of the rebound unclear. A fuller GDP estimate is scheduled for December 7, and the figures can change as more information arrives. That release will provide the next dated test of the 2.1 percent increase.
  17. The rebound has lifted quarterly output, but January through September remains below the same period of 2025 under both measures.

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