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健康 · 标签不实的补充剂

以猫爪藤名义销售,检测却发现含有阿片类药物:旧金山在死亡事件后发出警告

旧金山首次已知涉及MGM-15的致命药物过量事件,揭示了草药标签与未披露的阿片类药物之间存在危险的落差。受影响产品的剂量和流通范围仍不明。

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译自英文原文。

新闻追踪第 6 天

1 篇报道21 家媒体32 个来源

在以猫爪藤名义销售的产品中发现隐匿阿片类药物的警讯,已进入旧金山致命药物过量事件的记录。在犹他州和华盛顿州传出涉及标示不实草药产品的死亡报告后,旧金山卫生官员于10月21日发布警告,称该市首次发现已知涉及MGM-15的致命药物过量事件。MGM-15是一种半合成、源自卡痛的阿片类药物,未获批用于任何医疗用途。2 3 4

当地这起事件涉及一名37岁男子,他在9月下旬服用标有“Script botanicals x Maui labs”的片剂后死亡。该产品以猫爪藤名义销售,但检测在男子体内以及相关产品或包装中发现了MGM-15。标签没有披露这种阿片类药物。2

这种不符正是核心危险:购买被宣传为植物性补充剂的产品的人,可能接触到一种足以导致致命药物过量的阿片类药物,而包装却没有告知其中含有这种成分。警告不仅面向消费者,也面向医疗服务提供者,因为有人患病时,标签也可能掩盖其接触过这类药物的事实。4

旧金山所称的“首次已知”范围有限。它指的是该市发生的一起涉及MGM-15的致命药物过量事件,并不代表全国首例死亡、当地所有接触案例的总数,也不能证明此前的病例不可能未被发现。该市的警报明确指出,其他地区也发生过涉及这种化合物的药物过量事件。3

《洛杉矶时报》报道,犹他州官员将MGM-15及一种相关化合物与该州的4起死亡事件联系起来。华盛顿毒物中心则另行报告了4起经确认的死亡事件,涉及含有这些化合物的标示不实草药产品。这些警告同样涉及以猫爪藤名义销售的产品,但不能据此认定每起事件都涉及旧金山所发现的那个品牌。2

医学检测结果能证明什么

据《洛杉矶时报》取得的一份验尸报告,旧金山法医裁定该男子死于意外,并将死因归于“卡痛生物碱的毒性作用”。这一结论比认定单独由MGM-15导致死亡的范围更广。2

在男子体内和相关产品中均检测到这种物质,这一点很重要:它证实男子接触过包装未披露的一种阿片类药物。但公开的案件详情并未包含完整的定量毒理学报告。报告没有列出检测过的所有物质、它们的浓度或所有未检出的物质。因此,断言不存在其他药物或酒精,或认定其他物质必然有所贡献,都是不妥的。

已发表的报道还留下一个范围较小但相关的实验室检测问题。CBS湾区报道称在产品包装中检测到MGM-15;《洛杉矶时报》则称在一包片剂中检测到该物质。两篇报道都没有提供足够细节,无法判断检测对象是完整片剂、包装内的内容物,还是包装残留物。现有证据支持的结论是,在相关产品或包装中检测到该物质,而非测得了阿片类药物的剂量。1 2

猫爪藤本身不含MGM-15。它是一种木质藤本植物,生长于亚马孙地区以及中美洲和南美洲的其他热带地区。卡痛是另一种植物。MGM-15是通过化学改造7-羟基帽柱木碱(7-OH)制成的;这种化合物在卡痛中天然存在,但含量极少。将产品称作猫爪藤,并不能解释检测在其中发现了什么。2

标签无法说明剂量

据描述,受检包装内有4片咀嚼片,标签注明“uncaria tomentosa extract”,这是猫爪藤所用的植物学名称,并标明每片含量为100毫克。包装没有列出卡痛或7-OH,也没有披露MGM-15。1 2

这些数字必须与它们实际描述的内容对应。4是包装内片剂的数量,并非调查人员已确认该男子吞服的片数。100毫克是标签所示的提取物含量,并非实验室测得的100毫克MGM-15。现有检测结果既未确定每片MGM-15的含量,也未确定男子摄入的剂量。印刷标示的数量看似精确可靠,却可能答非所问。

这类产品通过加油站和烟具店销售,但警告没有指出男子从哪家具体门店买到片剂,也未证明所有销售该品牌的零售商都持有同一批受影响库存。《洛杉矶时报》称曾向Script botanicals寻求回应,但未立即收到回复。1 2

目前已确认的官方行动是发布健康警告。召回通知、受影响批次清单和明确的销售范围均未得到核实。这并不能证明没有召回,也不能据此将结论扩展到该品牌的所有包装,或所有以猫爪藤名义销售的补充剂。

已知

  • 旧金山已确认一起已知涉及MGM-15的致命药物过量事件,并向公众和医疗服务提供者发出警告。 34

未知

  • 阿片类药物的实测含量、受影响批次,以及目前仍有多少受影响产品在售,均未确定。

后续

  • 进一步的产品检测,以及任何经核实的召回或批次信息,将有助于界定此次警告的范围。

是否解决这些供应问题,并不影响眼下应采取的措施。卫生官员建议,如有人看似发生药物过量,应拨打911并使用纳洛酮。包装上写着草药,不应成为排除阿片类药物紧急情况的理由。1

播出原貌 16 行
  1. Tablets sold as cat's claw contained an undisclosed opioid involved in a fatal overdose.
  2. San Francisco has identified its first known fatal overdose involving MGM-15, a chemically modified, kratom-derived opioid. It's not approved for any medical use. How far the affected supply reaches is still unclear.
  3. A 37-year-old man died in San Francisco in late September after consuming the tablets. The city's first-known designation applies to a fatal overdose involving MGM-15 within San Francisco. The compound had already appeared in overdoses elsewhere.
  4. Utah officials linked MGM-15 and a related compound to four deaths in that state. The Washington Poison Center also reported four confirmed deaths involving misrepresented herbal products containing those compounds. Those warnings involved products sold as cat's claw, extending the concern beyond this one city.
  5. The identified brand was Script botanicals x Maui labs. Its chewable tablets were marketed as cat's claw, using the botanical name uncaria tomentosa extract. Testing found MGM-15 in the associated product, even though the package didn't disclose that ingredient.
  6. The packaging also left out kratom and 7-hydroxymitragynine, often shortened to seven-OH. Products of this kind are marketed through gas stations and smoke shops. The warning doesn't identify the particular store where this man obtained his tablets.
  7. Cat's claw itself doesn't contain MGM-15. It's a woody vine found in the Amazon and other tropical areas of Central and South America. The danger here comes from an undisclosed opioid in a product sold under that plant's name.
  8. MGM-15 is made by chemically modifying a kratom-related compound. Seven-OH occurs naturally in trace amounts in kratom, a different plant. Chemical modification produces MGM-15. Someone relying on the herbal description could encounter an opioid capable of causing a fatal overdose.
  9. The medical examiner detected MGM-15 in the man and in the associated product or package. The examiner ruled the death accidental and attributed it to the toxic effects of kratom alkaloids. That finding covers a broader group of compounds.
  10. The package contained four tablets. That describes what was in the package; investigators haven't said how many the man swallowed. Another number on the label needs care, because a printed amount can sound like a measured drug dose.
  11. Each tablet carried a labeled amount of 100 milligrams of uncaria tomentosa extract. Testing hasn't supplied a measured amount of MGM-15 per tablet. So the label can't tell a consumer how much of that opioid they're taking.
  12. The health department directed its warning to health-care providers as well as the public. An herbal label can hide an opioid exposure from the person using the product and from someone trying to understand why they're ill.
  13. The man died in late September. San Francisco issued the public-health warning on Wednesday, October 21. The alert brought the laboratory finding to consumers and health-care providers weeks after the death, identifying a drug the product's label hadn't disclosed.
  14. This was San Francisco's second public warning about a synthetic opioid that year. In April, the city warned about cychlorphine after a 16-year-old boy's overdose death. The current warning concerns MGM-15 and the identified supplement.
  15. The affected supply still has no defined boundary. How much remains available, and which batches are affected, are unknown. The health warning identifies this product, but it doesn't give consumers a reliable way to determine the opioid dose in a package.
  16. For someone who appears to be overdosing, health officials advise calling 911 and administering naloxone, a medicine used to reverse opioid overdoses. That advice applies even when the product the person took was sold as an herbal supplement.

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