冲突 · FREYJA导弹防御
FREYJA已有一部就绪的丹麦雷达——但还不是一套有效的导弹防御系统
原语言视频
译自英文原文。
据乌克兰国际文传电讯社报道,泽连斯基说:“我们听取了关于丹麦雷达的简报。这是合作伙伴提供的首个已准备就绪的组件。”“发射系统和导弹由乌克兰生产。其余组件取决于我们的合作伙伴。”他没有说明雷达型号,也没有说雷达是否已运抵乌克兰,或是否已与其他设备连接。2
对平民而言,关键单位不是单独一枚导弹或一部雷达,而是完整的链条:探测并跟踪来袭威胁、协调发射决策、发射拦截导弹并摧毁目标。FREYJA最新的消息更新了可用组件的情况,但并未证明这条链条已成功拦截弹道导弹。
哪些方面确实取得了进展
乌克兰的导弹和发射装置并非全新的里程碑。10月17日,泽连斯基已表示乌克兰完成了自己在FREYJA项目中的工作,而合作伙伴仍在推进各自的部分。他说自己曾与法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙讨论该项目,并指出挪威是关键合作伙伴。因此,最新确认的就绪雷达代表合作伙伴一方取得进展,而非整个系统突然完工。64
三个目标,而非三项已完成的成果
这些里程碑未必相互矛盾:初步试验可能早于原型里程碑或弹道拦截尝试。但不能悄然将其中任何一项说成另一项。希望冬季测试不等于测试日期已敲定;初步测试不等于成功拦截;即使成功拦截,也不代表系统已投入实战部署。
11个国家,一个系统集成难题
该项目的既定目标是补充现有防空和导弹防御体系,而不是将其彻底取代。合作伙伴将共同确定需求、开展研究、开发、制造和测试设备,随后使其投入实战使用。工业联盟包括导弹制造商和雷达专业厂商,如康斯伯格、泰雷兹、MBDA、萨博、迪尔防务、Weibel Scientific、HENSOLDT和Fire Point。企业名单代表可供利用的能力,并非对一套成品系统的验收证书。56
导弹的潜力与产能限制
联合创始人兼首席设计师丹尼斯·什蒂列尔曼5月称,基础型号FP-7是S-400导弹的碳纤维衍生型,并表示更轻的结构可能提升射程和机动性。这只是开发方的预期,并非对已部署武器进行的经验证比较。63
Fire Point联合创始人伊琳娜·捷列赫9月表示,公司正将俄罗斯“伊斯坎德尔”导弹和朝鲜导弹袭击的数据输入FREYJA算法,并称相关测试和技术集成正在乌克兰战斗环境中进行。这不应被解读为已成功击落目标的说法:同一篇报道指出,首次实际拦截弹道导弹还要等到未来,即2027年年中之前。62
该公司还希望尽可能多地采用欧洲组件,避免依赖美国出口限制和中国零部件,并防止第三方阻止武器的使用。这些目标针对的是任何依赖其他政府可能加以限制的供应的防御体系都面临的真实弱点。但它们仍是供应链方面的目标,并不能证明所有依赖都已消除。62
若能以有意义的规模提供更实惠的拦截导弹,就有可能扩大对乌克兰城市和民用基础设施的保护。但只有在武器可靠运行后,价格和规模才有意义。接下来真正关键的证据,将是相互连接的雷达、指挥系统和拦截导弹通过测试,而不是再一次宣布某个单独组件已准备就绪。
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president.gov.ua11
- Eleven Countries Have Joined the FREYJA Anti-Ballistic Program, and Everything Is Ready to Open an Office in Copenhagen – President during His Address to the Danish Parliament — Official website of the President of Ukraine
- First Meeting on Implementing the FREYJA Anti-Ballistic Missile Program Took Place in Paris — Official website of the President of Ukraine
- В Осло Президент обговорив із керівниками оборонних компаній реалізацію антибалістичної програми FREYJA — Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України
- До проєкту антибалістичної програми FREYJA приєдналось 11 країн, і все готово для відкриття офісу в Копенгагені – Президент під час звернення у парламенті Данії — Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України
- Cooperation with the Nordic and Baltic Countries Delivers Concrete Results in Bringing Peace Closer for Ukraine and Strengthening Europe – Volodymyr Zelenskyy Following the Summit in Tallinn — Official website of the President of Ukraine
- Current events — Official web site of the President of Ukraine
- Statement by the President of Ukraine at a Joint Press Conference with the Leaders of France, the United Kingdom, and Germany — Official website of the President of Ukraine
- All news — Official web site of the President of Ukraine
- President of Ukraine Discussed Strengthening Anti-Ballistic Capabilities with Prime Minister of Norway — Official website of the President of Ukraine
- Президент України обговорив із Прем’єр-міністром Норвегії посилення антибалістичних спроможностей — Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України
- We Count On a Truly Large-Scale Prisoner Exchange – Address by the President — Official website of the President of Ukraine
NVnv.ua3
National Security and Defense Council of Ukrainernbo.gov.ua2
24Brussels24brussels.online1
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- Ukraine has built an interceptor missile and launcher for a European-backed defense against ballistic attacks.
- President Volodymyr Zelenskyy says the missile and a Danish radar are ready. The project aims to expand protection for cities and civilian infrastructure. What still has to happen before those components can protect people together?
- Zelenskyy made the announcement on November thirteenth, after meeting the Nordic Five leaders. That's Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. He identified the Danish radar as the first partner component ready for FREYJA, Ukraine's joint missile-defense project with European countries.
- Ukraine produces the interceptor and its launch system, while European partners contribute radars, sensors and command systems. Zelenskyy hasn't said whether the Danish radar has arrived in Ukraine or been connected to the other equipment. He didn't identify its model.
- The Ukrainian hardware had already reached this stage. On October seventeenth, Zelenskyy said Ukraine had finished its share while partners continued theirs. He'd discussed the project with France and called Norway a key partner. The newly identified ready radar advances the partner side of that work.
- Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council identified the next stage on October thirtieth: integrating command-and-control systems and radars. Those systems coordinate detection and firing. Zelenskyy's latest announcement hasn't supplied a successful ballistic-interception result or a date for putting the complete system into service.
- A radar must track the incoming threat. Command systems must coordinate the shot, and the launcher and interceptor must complete it. Civilians gain protection when that whole chain works. The near-term goal is to bring the combined equipment into testing, with several different development milestones still ahead.
- The official objective is system testing by the end of 2026. Fire Point's September schedule also targeted a preliminary, so-called zero test by then. Co-founder Iryna Terekh placed the first real-world interception of a ballistic target later, by mid-2027.
- Zelenskyy also expressed hope during his November eleventh visit to Denmark that testing would happen this winter. An earlier prototype goal was the first half of 2027. Initial trials could come before that prototype or interception milestone. All of those dates describe goals, and a service-entry date hasn't been announced.
- Subscribe to this channel to follow FREYJA's integration work and the results of its planned tests.
- The eleven members are Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Poland. Each has named a government-level representative. Their participation spans political, technological and financial commitments.
- Poland appears in the October thirtieth roster, expanding the earlier ten-country coalition launched in France on July thirteenth. The partners plan to define requirements together, then research, develop, manufacture and test the equipment before bringing it into use. FREYJA is intended to add to existing air and missile defenses.
- The industrial coalition includes missile makers and radar specialists. Its planned open architecture would let different countries connect their own sensors and command systems. The partners want to avoid dependence on one manufacturer or country, while maximizing European components.
- Earlier designs proposed Saab Giraffe, Thales Ground Master and Hensoldt radars for long-range detection. They named a Weibel radar for illumination and guidance, and Kongsberg's Fire Distribution Center for command. Fire Point also announced a radar arrangement with HENSOLDT. These remain proposed options and arrangements; the final configuration hasn't been identified.
- Fire Point's FP-7.x is designed to intercept ballistic missiles during their final approach, up to twenty kilometers high. Its announced speed is fifteen hundred to two thousand meters per second. The missile is 7.25 meters long, with infrared or semi-active homing planned.
- Fire Point chief designer Denys Shtilerman described the underlying FP-7 in May as a carbon-fiber derivative of an S-400 missile. He argued that lighter construction could improve range and maneuverability. Those comparisons, like the announced specifications, describe the developer's expectations.
- Shtilerman also said all but one interceptor component was Ukrainian-made, and that the imported part had been contracted and obtained. In June, he described mass production as dependent on an infrared seeker sought from Germany's Diehl Defence. That device helps the missile find its target. It's unclear whether he meant the same component.
- Terekh says Fire Point is feeding data from Russian Iskander and North Korean missile attacks into FREYJA's algorithms. In September, she described technical integration and testing under combat conditions in Ukraine, while still scheduling the first actual ballistic interception for the following year.
- The supply-chain ambition extends beyond European assembly. Fire Point wants to avoid American export restrictions and Chinese parts, and prevent a third party from blocking the weapon's use. Reaching that goal means securing the components needed for production as well as making the equipment work together.
- Shtilerman's price objective is under one million dollars per interceptor. That's a development target. A confirmed purchase price would still leave another question: how much it costs to stop an incoming missile successfully. The latest readiness announcement doesn't supply that figure.
- Terekh says even six hundred to seven hundred interceptors a year would be insufficient. Fire Point is designing for at least several thousand annually. Achieving that scale, alongside an affordable price, could expand the number of ballistic threats Ukraine can defend against. The company hasn't announced achieved annual output.
- Ukrainian cities would benefit from more interceptors only after the equipment works reliably and reaches service. Coalition membership and company participation create a development framework. Deliveries, integration, successful testing and manufacturing must turn those commitments into usable defenses.
- FREYJA now has a Ukrainian interceptor and launcher described as ready, plus its first identified ready partner component, the Danish radar. The next threshold is testing the connected radar, command system and interceptor together. The official near-term objective remains system testing before the end of 2026, followed by Fire Point's targeted first ballistic interception by mid-2027.
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