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科学 · 帝王蝶迁徙

15只威斯康星州帝王蝶抵达墨西哥。它们的信号能告诉我们什么?

微型无线电标签将威斯康星州的蝴蝶与1,000多英里外的探测记录联系起来。它们有助于了解迁徙,但68只被标记的帝王蝶中有15只抵达墨西哥,并不代表存活率。

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原语言视频

译自英文原文。

一只在威斯康星州被标记的蝴蝶出现在墨西哥时,我们究竟了解了它多少旅程?

我们了解到的足以将9月初被人捧在手中的一只昆虫,与千里之外仍在迁徙的个体联系起来;但还不足以知道它在这两次相遇之间经历了什么,也不知道它整个冬天会遭遇什么。据保罗·A·史密斯11月5日发表于《密尔沃基哨兵报》、后由《沃索飞行员与评论》转载的报道,截至2026年11月4日,在威斯康星州全州标记的68只帝王蝶中,有15只装有微型无线电发射器的个体已在墨西哥被探测到。这是有记录的迁徙里程碑,不是存活率。⁠3

对密尔沃基城市生态中心的研究经理玛吉·施泰因豪尔而言,这种联系格外私人。该中心标记的14只帝王蝶中,有3只已抵达墨西哥。她以前给鸟类系过标记,但这是她第一次确切知道自己标记的动物飞行了1,000多英里。查看“帝王蝶项目”应用已成为她日常生活的一部分,也是她与同事和社区分享的内容。⁠3

两个月前还在这里被我们捧在手里的帝王蝶,现在已经到了墨西哥。

布伦娜·马西切克,南威斯康星州鸟类联盟外联主任 3

威斯康星州的这项工作汇集了城市生态中心、位于福尔克里克的比弗溪保护区、威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的生物军团,以及位于阿灵顿鹅池保护区的南威斯康星州鸟类联盟。已退休的州级自然资源保护生物学家马克·马丁与妻子苏珊·马丁共同照管鹅池,并提供了全州总数。大多数标记工作在9月初进行。⁠3

威斯康星公共广播电台对发射器部署情况的报道提到,在鹅池有30只帝王蝶装上了太阳能无线电发射器。这些蝴蝶属于全州标记工作的一部分,并非在墨西哥被探测到的额外30只。讲述无法持续观测的动物时,将部署数量与探测数量区分开来很重要。⁠8

无线电信号能够揭示什么

这种发射器名为BluMorpho,由位于新泽西州里奥格兰德的Cellular Tracking Technologies公司开发并制造。它重0.06克,即60毫克,而帝王蝶体重大约为0.5克。这种太阳能设备安装在蝴蝶背部的胸部位置。它虽小到可以由昆虫携带,但仍是一个实实在在的负重,并非应用程序上一个看不见的点。⁠3⁠8

这些是无线电发射器,并非经验证的机载GPS记录器。参与其中的手机或野生动物追踪接收器(包括Motus网络中的接收器)可以接收发射器的信号。“帝王蝶项目”应用会记录探测的时间和地点,并将其标在地图上。由此形成的记录是一系列与探测网络相遇的片段,而不是对每一次转向和停歇的连续记录。⁠3⁠17

这一差别并不会削弱这项进步。几十年来,研究人员一直在帝王蝶翅膀上粘贴带编号的纸质标记。在墨西哥找到其中一枚,可以将标记地点与越冬目的地联系起来,但对两地之间的旅程所揭示的信息要少得多。重复的无线电探测则为研究迁徙路线、时间安排,以及蝴蝶停下来休息或觅食的地点提供了机会。⁠3

威斯康星州的抵达数量目前还不能为每只蝴蝶提供如此详尽的记录。现有报道没有提供这15只抵达墨西哥的蝴蝶各自的路线重建、确切旅行时间或具名的停歇地点。它无法确定某个具体的迁徙瓶颈,也无法告诉土地管理者这一群体最迫切需要哪个特定地点。希望在于找到更好的方法来研究这些问题,而不是已经得出最终答案。

有证据表明,这项技术能够继续揭示秋季旅程以外的迁徙情况。史密斯报道,2025年的测试显示,帝王蝶能够带着发射器从美国和加拿大飞到墨西哥。那一季部署了数百个发射器,其中包括在伊利诺伊州北部部署的发射器;一些蝴蝶存活过冬,并于2026年早些时候在返回美国途中被探测到。这些是更早期被标记的蝴蝶,并不能证明今年威斯康星州的迁徙蝴蝶将会如何。⁠3

计数并非定论

最诱人的计算,也正是错误的结论:用15除以68,并称结果为存活比例。这样做会把观测的局限转化为关于蝴蝶命运的断言。

未被探测到的帝王蝶可能仍在别处存活,也可能曾经经过却未被记录。现有信息没有量化这一群体的接收器覆盖范围、探测概率或发射器故障情况。没有这些数据和后续观测,就无法将未被探测到的个体区分为死亡、继续迁徙,或仅仅是被网络漏掉的蝴蝶。在墨西哥某处探测到蝴蝶,也不能证明它抵达了最终的越冬栖息地,更不能证明它存活过冬。⁠3⁠18

抵达数量也仅依据一篇已发表的报道,而非一份可独立查阅、逐只核对威斯康星州蝴蝶的记录。这意味着应说明这些数字的来源,并严格界定其含义,而不是否定它们所记录的迁徙。证据支持蝴蝶已被探测到迁入墨西哥,但不足以完整统计这一群体的存活情况。⁠3

威斯康星州以外,美国其他州和加拿大还有数百只帝王蝶携带着已部署的发射器。参与其中的塞克斯协会、帝王蝶联合行动组织和帝王蝶观察组织的科学家将负责收集和分析数据。保护工作将从了解迁徙活动与天气、食物及可用栖息地之间的关系中受益,而非取决于地图看起来有多引人注目。⁠3

马丁将长期目标描述为:在帝王蝶整个生命周期中提供充足的食物和栖息地,同时也让其他草地和草原物种受益。与此同时,施泰因豪尔与标记合作伙伴的交流已经包括对天气模式和栖息地可用性的观察。公众的兴趣与科学研究相互促进,但两者都不能证明帝王蝶种群已经恢复。⁠3

未来几周,预计会有更多迁徙的帝王蝶聚集在墨西哥城西北方向的越冬保护区。后续的探测结果或可显示哪些被标记的蝴蝶存活过冬并向北迁徙,也有助于研究人员了解繁殖过程如何将迁徙接力给下一代。马西切克说,相关计划已经延伸到2027年。目前,这项成果既重大又明确:人们曾在威斯康星州接触过的蝴蝶,已在墨西哥被探测到。接下来重要的信号将告诉我们,它们抵达那里之后发生了什么。⁠3

来源12

在此处引用的来源中,Google News last hour 3最先发布,比本报道播出早2小时。
  1. Google News last hour 3
  2. HeyDay News

6篇早期文章作为背景资料参阅。7家媒体未注明日期:Cellular Tracking Technologiesjsonline.comMonarch Joint Venturewimonarchs.orgAdopt a MonarchProject Monarch

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来自 12 家媒体的 20 个来源· 引用最多的优先

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  1. Fifteen monarch butterflies carried tiny transmitters all the way to Mexico. They came from 68 tagged in Wisconsin. For people who handled them weeks earlier, those detections connect them to animals now more than a thousand miles away.
  2. What can those signals tell researchers about the journey, and whether the butterflies survive it? The Mexico count covers detections through November fourth, twenty twenty-six. Most of Wisconsin's tagging happened in early September. Retired conservation biologist Mark Martin supplied the statewide total, bringing together work by several tagging partners.
  3. Three of the Urban Ecology Center's 14 tagged monarchs have reached Mexico. That Milwaukee group worked alongside Beaver Creek Reserve in Fall Creek, BioCorps at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance at Goose Pond Sanctuary in Arlington.
  4. Maggie Steinhauer, the Urban Ecology Center's research manager, has banded birds before. But this is the first time she's known for certain that an animal she tagged traveled more than a thousand miles. Checking the Project Monarch app has become part of her daily routine, and something she shares with coworkers and the community.
  5. The transmitter weighs 0.06 grams, or 60 milligrams. A monarch's body weighs about 0.5 grams. Researchers attach the solar-powered device to its back, on the thorax. That puts a radio transmitter on an insect light enough to rest on a flower.
  6. Cellular Tracking Technologies develops and manufactures the BluMorpho tags in Rio Grande, New Jersey. Tests in twenty twenty-five showed monarchs could carry them from the United States and Canada to Mexico. Several hundred were deployed that season, including in northern Illinois. Some of those butterflies survived winter and were detected returning to the United States earlier this year.
  7. A tagged butterfly sends a radio signal that a participating phone or wildlife-tracking receiver can pick up. Receivers include the Motus wildlife network. Project Monarch's app then logs the time and location and adds that detection to a map.
  8. Between those encounters, researchers have gaps in the journey. They can't turn the fifteen arrivals into a survival rate for all 68 butterflies. An undetected butterfly may still be alive elsewhere. And a detection in Mexico doesn't tell researchers whether that butterfly has reached its final winter colony or will survive the winter.
  9. Thirty monarchs received solar-powered radio tags at Goose Pond Sanctuary during this season's deployment. They're part of the statewide tagging effort. Mark Martin and his wife, Susan Martin, are caretakers of the Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance reserve, where those insects began their tracked journeys.
  10. For decades, researchers put numbered, adhesive-backed paper tags on monarch wings. Finding one in Mexico could link its tagging site with a winter destination. Repeated radio detections can help fill in the journey between them, including where butterflies pause to rest or feed. Scientists can investigate how migration timing and paths relate to weather and available habitat.
  11. Brenna Marsicek says monarchs people held just two months ago are now in Mexico. The alliance's outreach director says following those journeys is connecting people with the butterflies and teaching them about migration. Partners are also exchanging observations about weather patterns and habitat availability.
  12. Hundreds of other monarchs carry transmitters in other states and Canada. Scientists with the Xerces Society, Monarch Joint Venture and Monarch Watch will lead data collection and analysis. Martin says the long-term goal is adequate food and habitat throughout the monarch's life cycle. He says that habitat can also help other grassland and prairie species.
  13. Marsicek says tagging plans already extend into twenty twenty-seven. More migrants are expected at reserves northwest of Mexico City in the coming weeks. Later detections could show which tagged butterflies survive winter and move north, and where they reproduce as the next generation takes over.

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