商业 · IPO筹备持续报道 · 第 2 篇,共 3 篇
Anthropic 168亿美元季度收入背后的会计疑问
报告所述季度销售额增长约45%,增强了Anthropic可能进行IPO的说服力。但投资者仍缺少其调整后盈利能力背后的会计调节表。
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持续报道第 54 天
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华尔街依据2028年营收,给Anthropic定价2万亿美元当时尚无定论
- 尚无公开版S-1文件,也没有经确认的估值、日期、交易所、股票代码、承销商或经审计的预测方法。
- 尚无经过核实的明细,说明2028年2000亿美元销售额扣除GPU、算力、招聘和模型成本后如何转化为利润率。
我们说过将关注的
- 8月公开提交的文件是否会披露经审计的数据和风险信息,从而支撑以两年后的业绩为依据的定价。
- 在SpaceX上市后股价表现平平之后,机构投资者是否会在2万亿美元估值下为超过1000亿美元的募资提供资金。
现在
报告所述季度销售额增长约45%,增强了Anthropic可能进行IPO的说服力。但投资者仍缺少其调整后盈利能力背后的会计调节表。
3个月收入168亿美元。这是Anthropic向潜在投资者表示其在2026年第三季度实现的收入——不是年化销售速度,而是该季度本身的销售额。这一数字超过该公司报告的第一季度收入的3倍。17
在为可能的公开发行做准备之际,Anthropic连续第二个季度实现调整后盈利,并同步扩大业务。销售基础更强,改变了它的说辞。目前仍未公布的是一份会计调节表,说明这种调整后盈利与按标准会计规则计算的业绩有何差异。69 13
彭博报道,正式的IPO推介最早可能于11月9日当周开始。这意味着开始向投资者推介发行,并非确认首次交易日期,也不保证Anthropic一定会上市。4
关键事实
这些数字来自10月14日在Anthropic旧金山总部举行的一场闭门投资者说明会。首席执行官达里奥·阿莫代伊和首席财务官克里希纳·拉奥在会上会见了潜在投资者。10月15日是所提供电视报道的日期,并非会议日期。季度业绩依据出席者及知情人士的说法;Anthropic尚未公开确认确切数字,也未公布完整的会计调节表。17 13
2026年8月22日,我们报道,银行家将Anthropic的潜在估值锚定在对2028年收入1900亿至2000亿美元的预测上。这些都是预测。新的进展是,该公司已经实现的报告季度收入基数大幅增加,而非又一项预测。这并不能证明2028年的预测会实现,也不能证明此前讨论的估值已敲定。
销售额激增;利润仍需谨慎界定
路透社关于投资者会议的报道显示,收入约为第一季度47亿美元、第二季度116亿美元、第三季度168亿美元。按这些数字计算,最近一个季度环比增加52亿美元,约45%。作为参考,关于保密版招股说明书的报道显示,2025年全年收入约为46亿美元。17 53
前几个季度的确切数字仍有未解决的差异。较早或二手报道采用第一季度约48亿美元、第二季度115亿美元的数字。没有未经四舍五入的公开财务报表能够消除这些差异。《印度教徒报》援引法新社报道称,第三季度增长约50%;路透社报道为45%,这是根据116亿美元和168亿美元计算出的较接近数字。这些并非不同的收入结果。69 16 9 17
与收入对比相比,盈利能力数据需要更加谨慎地解读。彭博电视的详细报道显示,调整后毛利率为85%,调整后营业利润率高于11%,调整后自由现金流为正。《印度教徒报》援引法新社的报道则仅称营业利润率为11%。没有公开且未经四舍五入的调节表能够解释这项差异,现有报道也未给出调整后自由现金流的金额。2 9
毛利率和营业利润率衡量的是损益表中的不同阶段。二者都不能与收入互换,调整后的这两项指标也都不能证明公司按公认会计原则实现盈利。更完整的报道指出,第三季度是该公司连续第二个调整后盈利的季度,前一个是第二季度,而非Anthropic首次实现调整后盈利的季度。69 72
关于Anthropic调整后指标的评论曾提及股票薪酬、模型训练成本,以及在高毛利率指标中涉及的分销合作伙伴收入分成。但这并未提供公司确认的、适用于这组第三季度确切业绩的剔除项目清单、具体会计归类或金额。若将这些讨论视为完整的第三季度调节表,就超出了现有证据所能证明的范围。11 28 81
未经调整的相应毛利率、经营业绩和现金流总额仍未得到确认。可比的前几个季度利润率和现金流金额也无从得知。投资者可以看到报告所示的收入加速增长,但目前还无法计算这些利润率改善了多少,也无法仅凭调整后百分比还原按标准会计计算的利润。8 9
账单不止涉及一个季度
这项会计细节的缺失尤其重要,因为Anthropic的扩张伴随着巨额未来义务。路透社援引其保密版招股说明书的报道显示,该公司与6家合作伙伴在约10年内的计算能力和基础设施承诺至少达5180亿美元。其中约80%被描述为不可取消,或无论使用情况如何都必须支付。83
这并不意味着Anthropic在第三季度发生了5180亿美元的费用。将全部承诺额从一个季度的收入中扣除,会人为制造出毫无意义的亏损。但若因为调整后业绩为正就忽视这些合同,则会犯相反的错误:未来付款义务与当前调整后盈利是两项不同的考验。
报告所述的承诺包括:2026年4月至2033年7月与谷歌签订的至少1111亿美元协议,以及2026年5月至2036年4月与亚马逊签订的约1100亿美元协议。两者都包含最低支出或差额补付条款。与微软的承诺总额为314亿美元,涵盖2026年11月至2033年5月。83 120
与博通相关的设备租赁义务约为1612亿美元,且大部分不可取消。与xAI的安排金额最高约为845亿美元,但大部分可以取消。这些都是整体承诺额中的组成部分,不能作为额外金额再加到5180亿美元上;所列安排也并非对6家合作伙伴的完整逐一核算。可取消的最高金额不等于不可避免的付款。83 120
实际问题在于,未来销售收入和现金流能否按时支付到期款项,包括为Anthropic可能用不上的产能支付的费用。快速增长的季度业绩增强了该公司的说服力,却无法回答这个长期问题。
可能进行路演,并非首次上市
Anthropic已采取正式的筹备步骤。2026年6月1日,该公司宣布已向美国证券交易委员会保密提交拟发行普通股的Form S-1注册声明草案。提交该文件使其可以在经过SEC审查后选择继续推进,但并不意味着发行已经完成。91
拟议中的首次公开募股将取决于市场状况及其他因素。拟发行的股数和发行价尚未确定。
截至10月15日的报道,尚无公开的S-1文件载有这组确切季度业绩、最终股数、发行价格区间、已确认的推介启动时间或首次交易日期。报道所述的估值目标仍高于2万亿美元——这并非双方议定的发行估值,也不是出售股份将筹集的金额。49 14
与我们8月报道中以预测为主的说法相比,Anthropic现在有了更有力的收入故事。接下来的考验在于信息披露:公开发行文件能否证实调整后业绩、解释支出义务,并在要求投资者购买之前明确发行条款。一个168亿美元的季度值得关注,但这并不意味着缺失的账目只是技术细节。
播出原貌 20 行
- On August 22, we reported Anthropic's forecast-based valuation pitch. Now Anthropic has told investors it generated $16.8 billion in one quarter.
- The company is also pitching a second consecutive quarter of adjusted profitability as it prepares for a possible public offering. Prospective shareholders face substantial long-term computing bills. The test is whether investors can see the full costs behind that adjusted profit before they're asked to buy.
- Anthropic met prospective investors at its San Francisco headquarters on October 14. The company hasn't publicly confirmed these exact quarterly results or published financial statements containing them.
- Chief executive Dario Amodei and chief financial officer Krishna Rao met the investors. Their pitch combines rapidly expanding sales with adjusted financial measures that suggest the business is covering more of its costs.
- Revenue rose from about $4.7 billion in the first quarter to about $11.6 billion in the second. It reached $16.8 billion in the third, a gain of $5.2 billion, or about 45%, in three months.
- The third quarter covers the three months ending in September. Its revenue was more than three times the first quarter's. For comparison, Anthropic generated about $4.6 billion during all of 2025. Bankers' earlier valuation pitch leaned on projected 2028 revenue of $190 billion to $200 billion. Those sales are still forecasts.
- Earlier figures put the first quarter at about $4.8 billion and the second at about $11.5 billion. Anthropic hasn't published unrounded numbers to settle those differences. Using $11.6 billion and $16.8 billion gives about 45% growth.
- The financial pitch also includes an 85% adjusted gross margin and an adjusted operating margin above 11%. Some figures put that operating margin simply at 11%. Gross margin measures what's left after the costs assigned to delivering the service. Operating margin also reflects operating expenses.
- Anthropic also presented positive adjusted free cash flow, without giving a dollar amount. The adjusted qualifier applies to that cash-flow result too. And the third quarter continued adjusted profitability achieved in the second quarter.
- Stock-based pay, model training and payments to distribution partners are costs investors need to understand. Anthropic hasn't shown precisely how those items were treated in these third-quarter adjustments, or the dollar amounts involved.
- Without that accounting bridge, investors can't work backward from the adjusted margins to a standard-accounting profit. Comparable earlier margins and cash-flow amounts also haven't been disclosed, so there's no numerical measure of how much those results improved.
- Anthropic has reportedly committed at least $518 billion to computing and infrastructure with six partners over roughly a decade. About 80% is noncancelable or payable regardless of usage. That creates payment obligations extending far beyond the latest quarter.
- Those contracts spread spending across years. Future shareholders have to judge whether revenue will keep growing fast enough to cover the payments as they come due. A single adjusted-profitable quarter can't settle that longer-term cash requirement.
- Google's commitment is at least $111.1 billion, running from April 2026 through July 2033. Amazon's is about $110 billion, from May 2026 through April 2036. Both include minimum-spending or shortfall-payment provisions.
- Microsoft commitments total $31.4 billion, covering November 2026 through May 2033. Broadcom-related equipment leases add about $161.2 billion within the overall commitment total. Those leases are largely noncancelable.
- The xAI arrangement reaches up to about $84.5 billion and is largely cancelable, giving Anthropic more flexibility there. All these amounts sit inside the overall commitment account. The named contracts cover only part of the six-partner breakdown, and their different cancellation terms affect how much spending Anthropic can avoid.
- Anthropic submitted a confidential draft registration statement to the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 1. That gives it the option to proceed after regulatory review. The company said the offering would depend on market conditions and other factors.
- Anthropic is reportedly seeking a valuation above $2 trillion. That remains an aspiration. Investors still need the public offering terms to know how the company would be priced and how much money a share sale would raise.
- Formal marketing could begin as soon as the week of November 9. That could allow a debut before Thanksgiving on November 26. A November offering or one by year-end remains possible, but Anthropic hasn't confirmed a launch or trading date.
- As of October 15, Anthropic hadn't published a prospectus containing these quarterly results. Investors therefore still lack the public accounting detail needed to judge the adjusted profit against the full costs. Future shareholders would face contracts whose payments can come due even when computing capacity goes unused.
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