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健康 · 奶牛禽流感

禽流感波及本顿县奶牛场;工作人员与牛奶购买者面临不同风险

监测在奶牛发病前就发现了H5N1。华盛顿州新增受影响牛群,进一步凸显了保护工作人员的必要性,而不是对巴氏杀菌牛奶发出警告。

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1 篇报道15 家媒体21 个来源

监测在本顿县一家奶牛场的奶牛发病前发现了禽流感。如今,兽医正在为患病动物治疗,整个牛群也已被隔离——这一过程既体现了早期发现的价值,也显示出仅靠检测所能阻止疫情的局限。1

华盛顿州首次确认奶牛群感染,地点在本顿县,这使牛群疫情扩展到了邻近的亚基马县以外。对民众而言,关键区别在于接触风险:处理可能感染的牛只的工作人员需要受到保护,而购买巴氏杀菌牛奶的家庭面临的风险并不相同。州官员表示,华盛顿州的巴氏杀菌牛奶仍然安全,预计不会出现牛奶短缺。1

华盛顿州农业部于2026年10月26日发布的公告确认,病毒为H5N1型高致病性禽流感。本顿县有一家奶牛场受影响。这是农场数量,并非受感染奶牛的数量:奶牛场名称、牛群总规模以及受感染动物数量均未公布。2 15 1

华盛顿动物疾病诊断实验室通过常规监测检测到感染,随后由美国农业部国家兽医服务实验室确认。针对这群牛的采样方法和检测频率尚未公开。州兽医安珀·伊特尔的说法由安妮特·卡里在《西雅图时报》报道,其中提供了关键的临床细节:在奶牛发病前就检测到了感染。9 1

这一点很重要,因为如果等到出现明显症状才采取行动,就会更晚才发现问题。但这并不能确定病毒最初何时进入牛群、在牛群中传播了多久,或是否已经传播到其他地方。

日期方面还有一处尚未解决的出入。《Capital Press》报道称,州政府在10月23日通报了疫情扩散;农业部发布的公告日期则为10月26日。两份报道都没有说明样本采集或实验室确认的日期,而这些日期尚未公布。10月26日是州政府公告的日期,并非已经证实的感染日期。18 2

风险取决于接触情况

本顿县此次检出感染,发生在华盛顿州首次确认亚基马县牛只感染的两个多星期之后。这意味着牛群疫情波及了一个新的县,并不意味着新确诊了人类感染病例。宾顿—富兰克林卫生区报告的那例人类病例,与亚基马县一群受感染的牛有关,而非本顿县这家奶牛场。该卫生区表示,公众总体风险仍然较低。1

现有报道和公共卫生材料尚未确定本顿县特定的人类病例数、工作人员接触病毒总人数、监测结果或检测结果。不能把这一信息缺口误认为已确认病例数为零。15 1

与可能受感染的动物或受污染的农场环境打交道的人员,比购买巴氏杀菌乳制品的消费者有更多直接暴露机会。州政府指南要求,在处理可能受感染的动物时佩戴手套、口罩和护目装备,并穿着防液体渗透的连体防护服或其他外衣。这些防护措施针对的是实际工作内容,并不能证明任何一名本顿县员工已经感染。1

已知传播途径与已确定的传播原因之间的区别,同样适用于农场间传播。受感染的动物和受污染的牛奶可能携带病毒,在不同地点之间流动的设备、车辆、衣物、鞋类及其他物品也可能携带病毒。因此,生物安全措施必须覆盖受影响牛棚以外的区域。官员尚未查明病毒是如何进入本顿县这群牛的。1

看到病毒蔓延到另一个县令人失望,但我们的奶农正在努力落实生物安全计划、分享经验教训,并互相帮助共渡难关。

安珀·伊特尔 1

野生鸟类可能携带禽流感,但州官员并不认为它们是受影响奶牛群之间传播的主要来源。家禽也很容易感染。禽群饲养者应减少与受感染动物、野生鸟类及其粪便的接触;怀疑感染的牲畜饲养者应将患病牛只与健康动物隔离,并联系州农业官员。本顿县奶牛场检出病毒这一情况本身,并不能证明该场发生了家禽疫情。1

牛奶并非只有一种风险类别

对家庭而言,实际的分界在于生乳还是巴氏杀菌乳,而不是喝牛奶还是不喝牛奶。受感染的奶牛可能在乳汁中排出病毒。州官员警告不要饮用生乳或食用生奶酪;这一预防措施也适用于山羊和绵羊的未巴氏杀菌乳制品,不只是牛乳制品。1

《食品保护杂志》2024年发表的一项同行评审研究,记录了受感染奶牛的生乳中存在高水平的有活性H5N1病毒。研究采样涉及已确认有受感染牛群的疫情州,并不代表整个牛奶供应情况。研究没有检测本顿县的这群牛,其结果也不应被解读为每份生乳样本都含有病毒。21

连续流动系统中的标准高温短时巴氏杀菌采用72摄氏度(即161华氏度),持续15秒。州农业官员表示,巴氏杀菌会使牛奶中的病毒和细菌失去活性,华盛顿州的巴氏杀菌奶供应仍然安全。关于生乳的警告并不意味着应将巴氏杀菌牛奶视为受污染产品。21 1

这项警告也适用于宠物。猫尤其容易感染禽流感,官员建议不要给宠物喂食生乳制品、生肉或死鸟。在农场应对牛只感染期间,这些也是值得切断的额外暴露途径。1

受影响的奶牛场已采取隔离、兽医护理和生物安全措施。但现有材料尚未明确针对这群牛的隔离条款,包括动物转运例外、牛奶处理或处置要求,以及解除隔离的标准。仅凭“处于隔离状态”不足以断言所有牛只转运都被禁止,或所有牛奶都必须销毁。7 2

接下来值得关注的进展包括:监测是否在其他地方发现感染、与本顿县相关的工作人员监测结果,以及牛群何时能够解除隔离。目前尚未公布解除隔离日期。在此之前,眼下的后果很明确:患病牛只需要接受照护,工作人员需要受到保护,避免直接接触;家庭则可以继续购买巴氏杀菌牛奶。1 2

播出原貌 14 行
  1. Bird flu has put a Benton County dairy herd under quarantine for the first time. Workers handling infected cattle face a greater risk, while Washington's pasteurized milk remains safe. What does this spread mean for people working on farms and families buying milk?
  2. One dairy farm is affected. Routine surveillance found the virus before the cows became sick. Veterinarians are now treating sick animals, and the herd is under quarantine. Testing caught the infection before visible illness could alert people caring for the cattle.
  3. The Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory detected the infection. The USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories then confirmed it. The virus is H5N1, a form of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Officials haven't named the dairy or disclosed its herd size or how many cows are infected. Farmers have also put biosecurity measures in place to reduce opportunities for the virus to spread.
  4. Eight farms in neighboring Yakima County have cows believed to be infected. Washington's first confirmed cattle infections were found there a little more than two weeks before the Benton announcement. The newly affected herd extends the outbreak into another county.
  5. The Benton Franklin Health District linked one human illness to an infected Yakima County herd. Officials haven't released Benton-specific human case numbers or worker-monitoring results. The health district says the risk to the general public remains low. People handling potentially infected cattle or contaminated farm environments face more direct exposure than consumers buying pasteurized dairy products.
  6. The state announcement is dated October twenty-sixth, twenty twenty-six. The dates of sample collection and laboratory confirmation haven't been released. Surveillance found the infection before symptoms, and sick cows needed treatment afterward.
  7. Infected animals and contaminated milk can carry the virus between dairy farms. Equipment and vehicles can carry contamination too, along with clothing, footwear and other material moving between properties. Those routes make precautions beyond the affected barn important. Nobody has identified how the virus entered this particular herd.
  8. State veterinarian Amber Itle says dairy farmers are putting their biosecurity plans into practice and sharing lessons with each other. Wild birds can carry bird flu, but officials don't consider them the main source of spread among affected dairy herds.
  9. Poultry are highly susceptible too. Flock owners can reduce exposure by keeping birds separated from infected animals, wild birds and their droppings. People working with potentially infected animals should wear gloves, masks and eye protection, along with fluid-resistant coveralls or other outerwear. Livestock owners who suspect infection should separate sick cattle from healthy animals and contact state agriculture officials.
  10. Infected cows can shed infectious virus in their milk. Research found high levels in raw milk from infected cows in states with confirmed affected herds. Those samples weren't representative of the whole milk supply, and they didn't measure this Benton herd.
  11. Pasteurization inactivates viruses and bacteria in milk. Standard high-temperature, short-time treatment in a continuous-flow system heats milk to seventy-two degrees Celsius, or one hundred sixty-one degrees Fahrenheit, for fifteen seconds. State officials warn against drinking raw milk or eating raw cheese. That precaution extends to unpasteurized dairy products from cows, goats and sheep.
  12. Raw dairy can expose people to virus shed by infected animals. Washington's pasteurized milk remains safe, and officials don't expect milk shortages. Families can continue buying pasteurized milk while the affected herd receives treatment and farms work to contain the infection.
  13. Cats are particularly susceptible to bird flu. Officials warn against feeding pets raw dairy products, raw meat or dead birds. These precautions reduce another potential route of exposure while farmers deal with infection in cattle and protect other animals around their properties.
  14. The herd remains quarantined while sick cows receive veterinary care. Whether infection stays confined to this herd will depend on what further surveillance finds. Officials haven't announced when the herd could leave quarantine.

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