司法 · 怀孕歧视

怀孕歧视投诉据报达到十年来高点,劳动者为保住工作而抗争

两起离职争议凸显了据报道达到十年来高点的怀孕歧视投诉背后所涉及的利害。工作场所审查正在进行,但无薪假门槛仍未改变。

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阿比·麦考利因孕吐休假两天后返回工作岗位,却无法登录电脑。片刻之后,老板把她叫进办公室并解雇了她。当时,她在墨尔本北部内城区的 Ray White Brunswick 担任出租物业经理,入职仅五个月。40

麦考利称,她已告知雇主自己怀孕,并申请暂时灵活安排、在家工作。她指称自己是因怀孕而被解雇。Ray White Brunswick 否认这一说法,称解雇她是因为有人举报且公司观察到她有不当行为。她的案件正在联邦法院审理;她被解雇的原因尚无定论。1

这一有争议的事件经过,让据报道不断上升的怀孕歧视投诉背后出现了具体后果:在为迎接孩子做准备时失去工资收入。《四角》调查记录了女性的讲述:当怀孕和育儿责任与雇主要求发生冲突时,她们失去了工作,或离开了已经建立起来的职业生涯。ABC《新闻日报》对这项调查的报道称,向澳大利亚人权委员会提出的投诉数量达到十多年来最高水平。1

政策争议的焦点并非澳大利亚是否应禁止怀孕歧视,因为该国已经有反歧视保护。眼下争论的是:工作场所权益是否能为怀孕员工和重返工作的父母提供足够的实际空间,让他们继续就业;以及政府审查是否会带来改变。

两起争议,对离职原因的解释各不相同

麦考利的经历涉及一名入职不久、寻求临时调整的员工。艾莉西亚·华纳的经历则涉及一名资深公务员,试图在育儿假后重返已建立起来的职业岗位。华纳称,她提议采用压缩工时的全职安排:总工作时间不变,只是以不同方式安排,而不是减少工时。1

华纳称,内政部拒绝了这一安排,她随后接受自愿裁员。调解以未达成协议告终。她认为,自己离职是因为所提议的返岗排班被拒绝。1

内政部给出了不同解释。该部门称,邦迪恐怖袭击发生后,华纳的职位有所变化,需要持续的高层领导能力。这一回应很重要:雇主强调的是职位变化后所需承担的工作,而华纳描述的则是她试图将这份工作与育儿责任结合起来但未能成功。现有报道无法确定,拒绝申请是否符合该部门的法律义务,也无法确定是否存在可行的替代安排。1

不能负责任地把这两起争议简化为已经认定存在非法歧视。麦考利的指控正在法庭上受到争议;华纳经历的调解未能达成协议,并非法律裁定。但两起事件都提出了同一个实际问题:当劳动者要求围绕怀孕或为人父母的责任来安排工作时,雇主在工作岗位流失之前必须作出哪些调整?

投诉数字能够说明什么

据报道,相关数字达到十年来高点,这反映的是寻求补救的需求,而不是经证实存在歧视的全国比例。现有证据无法确认委员会受理投诉的确切总数及统计年份。ABC 的报道将相关时期称为“去年”,但未说明是日历年还是财政年度。投诉中有多少比例最终获支持,也没有确切数据。1

JobWatch 执行主任扎娜·拜思韦另行报告称,在所谓的上一个财政年度,JobWatch 接到在职母亲打来的600多个电话,内容涉及怀孕及相关歧视。该财政年度也未获确认。JobWatch 是一个为维多利亚州、昆士兰州和塔斯马尼亚州劳动者提供支持的就业权利社区法律中心,并非工作场所经历的全国普查机构。1 49 50

来电者不一定是互不重复的女性,也不一定代表不同案件。一个人可能多次寻求帮助,也可能同时向 JobWatch 和委员会求助。把这两项数字相加,只会拼凑出一个证据无法支持的总数。

JobWatch 一项有明确日期的另一项调查结果,更清楚地显示其服务面临的压力正在增大。2025年12月12日,该机构报告称,过去三年中,关于怀孕及哺乳歧视的咨询量翻了一倍。这一类别包括哺乳,但无法据此确认另行报告的600多个来电数字对应哪个财政年度,也不能得出全国歧视率。51

关于更广泛普遍程度的证据则年代久远得多。2014年《支持在职父母全国审查》发现,49%的母亲——约每两人中就有一人——报告称,自己在怀孕、育儿假或重返工作期间遭遇过与此相关的职场歧视。该研究描述的是这些不同阶段报告的经历,不仅限于怀孕;它既不是当前估算,也不是被认定违法的雇主数量。15 20

ABC 对这项历史研究的报道称,在报告曾遭歧视的母亲中,91%没有提出正式投诉。这里的分母是受影响的母亲,而非所有母亲。此处无法确认调查对“正式投诉”的具体定义,但这一发现说明,投诉总数与受访者报告的经历是两种不同的衡量指标。不能用它把如今的投诉数量换算成当前受害者估计人数。1

保密和解进一步限制了公开信息。调查中受访的15名女性称,她们签署了和解保密条款。这只是对这些受访者的发现,并非全国代表性比例;和解协议或保密条款都不能证明雇主承认承担法律责任。1

正在审视的权益缺口

争议中最明确的规则,是法定无薪育儿假的服务年限门槛。雇员必须在同一雇主处连续工作满12个月才符合资格。符合条件的固定临时工也包括在内;公平工作监察专员署将这类员工描述为以定期且有系统的方式受雇。22

这一区别很重要。这是无薪假的资格规则,不是另一项政府带薪育儿假计划的资格标准。它也不会免除雇主对新入职员工承担的反歧视义务。澳大利亚联邦法律框架包括《1984年性别歧视法》;能否享有特定假期福利与是否受到反歧视保护,是两个不同的问题。22 46

符合条件的怀孕雇员还享有申请灵活工作安排的现有权利。在这一框架下,雇主只能基于合理的商业理由拒绝相关申请。申请权并不等于有权获得所要求的确切排班或工作地点;这些一般规则也无法解决两名女性各自的争议。13

性别歧视专员安娜·科迪希望重新审视无薪育儿假的一年服务年限门槛。她还指出,可能使怀孕员工或父母处于不利地位的工作场所政策,包括间接歧视,是需要改革的领域。就业部长阿曼达·里什沃思表示,政府正在通过审查《国家就业标准》来考虑这些问题;该标准规定了澳大利亚最低就业权益。1

这项回应背后有记录可查的议会程序。里什沃思于2025年11月27日将有关该标准实施情况及充分性的调查交由委员会审查。2026年3月25日发布的议会公告称,次日将举行公开听证会。该公告确认的是一场已排期的听证会,并不能证明听证会确已举行,也不能证明已有改革期限或法律变更。45

已知

  • 法定无薪育儿假仍要求员工在同一雇主处连续工作满12个月,符合条件的固定临时工也包括在内。 22

未知

  • 现有证据无法确认针对拟议改革的最终报告期限或已颁布的变更。麦考利案件也尚无判决或下一次开庭日期的确切信息。

后续

  • 关注政府是否会提出有关休假资格及工作场所义务的具体方案,以及法院将如何裁定麦考利被解雇一事中各方提出的不同解释。

审查与权益变更之间的区别并非官僚程序中的细枝末节。准备迎接孩子的劳动者需要知道自己能休什么假,以及能否保住工作,而不只是知道这些问题正在审议。投诉数据无法说明如今非法歧视究竟有多普遍。劳动者的讲述则清楚表明,实际问题迟迟悬而未决会带来什么代价。

播出原貌 17 行
  1. Australian workers need twelve months with their employer to qualify for statutory unpaid parental leave. Pregnancy-discrimination complaints have reportedly reached their highest level in more than a decade. Workers describe losing wages and careers while preparing for a child or returning from leave. Will the government's workplace review change the rules that leave newer employees without that entitlement?
  2. Abby McCawley was five months into a rental-property-manager job at Ray White Brunswick, in Melbourne's inner north. She says she disclosed her pregnancy and requested temporary flexibility to work from home. Her employment ended soon afterward.
  3. McCawley says she took two days off to manage morning sickness. When she returned, she couldn't log into her computer. Her boss called her into his office and dismissed her. She alleges pregnancy-related dismissal. Ray White Brunswick says it terminated her employment over reported and observed behaviour. Her case is before the Federal Court.
  4. Alicia Warner says she accepted voluntary redundancy after Home Affairs rejected her proposed return from parental leave. The former senior executive wanted to work full-time compressed hours, fitting the same total hours into a different schedule. Mediation ended without agreement.
  5. Home Affairs says Warner's role changed after the Bondi terrorist attack and required sustained executive leadership. Warner connects her departure to the rejected working arrangement. The department points to the demands of the changed role. Those competing explanations leave a dispute over whether she could combine her established public-service career with parental responsibilities.
  6. The Australian Human Rights Commission's pregnancy-discrimination complaints reportedly reached their highest level in more than a decade. JobWatch received more than 600 calls from working mothers about pregnancy and related discrimination in the period described as the last financial year.
  7. The exact commission total and its reporting year aren't clear. Complaints record allegations, so the increase alone can't tell us how much discrimination has changed. JobWatch's calls can include repeat callers and people who also complain elsewhere. The two measures can't be added together to produce a count of affected women.
  8. JobWatch says pregnancy and breastfeeding discrimination enquiries doubled over three years. It published that finding on December twelfth, twenty twenty-five. The community legal centre supports workers in Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania, giving it a three-state view of demand for help.
  9. That trend includes breastfeeding enquiries. It doesn't identify the financial year behind the separate 600-plus call figure. And JobWatch's service figures describe people seeking its help across those three states. They don't measure discrimination across every Australian workplace.
  10. In 2014, 49 percent of mothers reported discrimination connected with pregnancy, parental leave or returning to work. That's approximately one in two. Among mothers who reported discrimination, 91 percent didn't lodge a formal complaint.
  11. Those figures describe experiences reported in an older survey. They can't tell us today's prevalence or how many employers broke the law. But they show why complaint totals can capture only part of workers' experiences. Confidential settlements also limit public scrutiny. Fifteen women interviewed about these disputes said they'd signed confidentiality clauses in settlements.
  12. Employees need twelve months of continuous service with their employer to qualify for statutory unpaid parental leave. That includes eligible regular casuals, meaning casual employees working on a regular and systematic basis. Sex Discrimination Commissioner Anna Cody wants that threshold reconsidered.
  13. The service requirement applies to unpaid parental leave. Eligibility for the government's paid-parental-leave scheme is assessed separately. Australia also has workplace discrimination protections and the federal Sex Discrimination Act, introduced in 1984. A worker's access to leave and an employer's legal obligations over discrimination are separate issues.
  14. Zana Bytheway leads JobWatch as its executive director. Anna Cody is pressing for reform of workplace policies and leave eligibility. Employment Minister Amanda Rishworth says the government is considering these issues through its review of the National Employment Standards, Australia's minimum employment entitlements.
  15. Cody's concerns include indirect discrimination, where a workplace rule can disadvantage pregnant workers or parents. Existing law already lets eligible pregnant employees request flexible working arrangements. Employers can refuse requests covered by that framework only on reasonable business grounds. Employees have a right to request flexibility, while approval depends on the circumstances.
  16. Rishworth referred the inquiry into the operation and adequacy of the standards on November twenty-seventh, twenty twenty-five. A parliamentary announcement on March twenty-fifth, twenty twenty-six, scheduled a public hearing for the following day. That announcement gave a hearing date, without setting a deadline for reform.
  17. A settlement's confidentiality clause doesn't tell us whether an employer admitted liability. McCawley's employer disputes her allegation, and her court case has yet to resolve why she was dismissed. The government is considering the eligibility concerns, but there's no confirmed timetable for changing the threshold. Employees still need twelve months of continuous service to qualify for statutory unpaid parental leave.

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