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政治 · 捕杀棕熊

俄罗斯宣布棕熊捕杀比例上限为30%,但安全效果尚未得到证实

该部报告称,2026年发生87起袭击、造成36人死亡。各地区的移除比例上限不是捕杀数量统计,也不能证明扩大捕杀会让民众更安全。

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原语言视频

译自英文原文。

俄罗斯宣布,各地区棕熊移除比例最高可达30%;此前,俄罗斯报告称今年有36人死于熊袭击。这个数字说明的是允许捕杀棕熊的范围,并不意味着公共安全已得到切实改善:公告尚未提供证据证明扩大捕杀将减少袭击。⁠2

自然资源部于2026年11月13日表示,相关监管修订已拟定,并在司法部登记。该部将地区最高比例称为控制熊数量、保护民众的一种方式。但登记并不能确定修订何时生效,现有报道也没有明确各地区接下来具体必须做什么。⁠2

36自2026年初以来死亡人数 218
87同期报告的袭击次数 218
>12,000报告称熊接近人类的次数 218
最高30%宣布的地区移除比例上限 211

人员伤亡已经足够严重,无需夸大。该部的三项事件指标分别指熊接近人类的报告、袭击事件和死亡人数。报告称熊接近人类的次数超过12,000,并不意味着袭击超过12,000起。36人死亡也不是单日死亡数字;该数字涵盖截至11月公告发布时的年内情况,但未提供更精确的截止日期。⁠2⁠18

这些是新闻媒体转引的政府数据,并非经独立审计的事件总数。该部估计俄罗斯境内有近308,000只棕熊,同样需要作此说明。仅凭全国熊群数量估值,无法告诉居民某个具体定居点周边的危险程度已经上升到何种程度。⁠18

地区数据究竟说明了什么

该政策潜在规模最清晰的依据,是该部提供的三个地区案例。这些案例显示,现有捕杀配额与宣布的30%上限之间有相当大的空间。但它们没有说明实际捕杀情况,也不能证明每个地区都会用满配额。⁠2

该部估计,克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区有26,631只熊,并报告发生了超过2,500起冲突情况。该地区现行的移除比例上限为19%。若将配额提高至30%,将比所报告的上限高出11个百分点。冲突情况的统计范围比已确认袭击的数量更广,不应将其说成袭击次数。⁠2

堪察加地区估计有24,225只棕熊,获准捕杀3,443只;该部称这相当于熊群数量的14%。伊尔库茨克州估计有22,413只熊,获准捕杀4,098只,相当于18%。这些比例均为约数;与之相比,宣布的上限在堪察加高出16个百分点,在伊尔库茨克高出12个百分点。⁠2

该部还报告称,伊尔库茨克有2,119起已确认的熊接近人类事件。与全国范围的熊接近人类报告以及克拉斯诺亚尔斯克的冲突情况一样,这一数字衡量的是遭遇事件,而非已确认的袭击。各地区案例反映的是不同的地方情况,并非可以用单一比例衡量的全国性紧急局面。⁠2

是否获准捕杀与实际捕杀同样不可混为一谈。公告没有附上经核实的全国捕杀总数。因此,将全国熊数量估值乘以30%,既得不出已经捕杀的熊的数量,也无法据此可靠预测将有多少熊遭到捕杀。相关决策和移除工作仍有待明确。⁠2⁠19

这是上限、强制要求,还是两者兼有?

甚至对监管修订的描述也需要谨慎。国际文传电讯社将30%称为移除比例上限。俄罗斯《议会报》的标题则称,各地区将有义务把捕杀量提高至熊群数量的30%。这两种说法不能互换:允许批准移除,与要求设定特定的配额不同;而这两者又都不同于要求实际捕杀那么多动物。⁠11⁠12

现有证据尚未核实修订的具体条文及其生效规定。因此,尚不能确定各地区必须捕杀其熊群数量的30%、修订是否已经生效,或新标准究竟如何改变各地区的法律义务。能够确定的说法较为有限:该部宣布各地区的移除比例上限为30%,并称监管修订已经登记。⁠2⁠11

这项公告是在此前一项试图重塑地区熊类管理工作的基础上发布的。9月30日,自然资源部长亚历山大·科兹洛夫提议根据不同地方制定相应的熊群数量标准。政府也在准备相关规则,拟让各地区更快作出熊群数量控制决定。11月的公告给出了具体的地区比例,但没有公布任何检验该做法能否提高安全性的结果。⁠4⁠7⁠2

资金也是应对措施的一部分。政府正在准备提供援助,用于移除那些靠近人类、在垃圾倾倒点觅食的熊。13个地区已提出申请,该部表示,计划中的联合融资金额超过80 million rubles。这是拟议中的地区移除成本支持,并非经核实的支出,也不能证明已经移除了任何特定数量的熊。⁠2

已知

  • 该部报告称,2026年发生87起袭击、造成36人死亡,并宣布各地区的移除比例最高可达30%。 218

未知

  • 经核实的生效日期、各地区的具体义务、实际移除数量以及最终拨付的资金仍未明确。

后续

  • 关注各地区的执行情况,以及之后人与熊遭遇、袭击和死亡人数的统计;目前尚未确定有日期的执行节点或评估时间表。

这项政策宣称的目标是减少袭击,而不只是多捕杀熊。评估政策时,必须将这些结果分开看。获准捕杀的数量可能全部落实、部分落实,也可能几乎没有落实;仅凭其中任何一种情况,都无法判断人们是否更安全。公告为俄罗斯各地区设定了一个醒目的数字标准,但尚未回答公众最关心的问题:后续措施能否避免下一起致命遭遇?

来源19

在此处引用的来源中,EIA — Eurasian Information Agency最先发布,比本报道播出早6天。 随后还有12家媒体发布。

5篇早期文章作为背景资料参阅。3家媒体未注明日期:consultant.ruiz.rupravo.gov.ru

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来自 19 家媒体的 21 个来源· 引用最多的优先

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  1. Brown bears have killed 36 people in Russia this year.
  2. The government has announced a removal limit of up to 30 percent of each region's brown bears. It says the policy will control their numbers and reduce attacks. Will the wider regional allowance make people safer?
  3. The Natural Resources Ministry announced the maximum on November 13. The percentage applies to the bear population in each region. How many animals are actually killed will depend on the decisions and removal work that follow.
  4. The ministry says it has prepared the regulatory changes and registered them with the Justice Ministry. Its stated goal is to give regions more scope to manage bear numbers and reduce attacks on people.
  5. Authorities have received more than 12,000 reports of brown bears approaching people since the start of 2026. The ministry separately counts 87 attacks and 36 deaths. Those totals cover the year so far, through the November announcement.
  6. A bear approaching people can generate a report without attacking anyone. Keeping those measures separate is essential to understanding the scale of the danger. The ministry estimates Russia's brown-bear population at nearly 308,000, but the regional figures show very different local circumstances.
  7. Krasnoyarsk Krai has more than 2,500 reported conflict situations involving bears. The ministry estimates its population at 26,631 bears, with an existing removal limit of 19 percent. It also cites Kamchatka and Irkutsk Oblast as examples of lower regional limits.
  8. Those conflict situations cover a broader category than attacks. In Irkutsk Oblast, the ministry counts 2,119 confirmed cases of bears approaching people. That gives another measure of encounters alongside the national attack and death totals.
  9. Kamchatka has an estimated 24,225 brown bears and a permitted harvest of 3,443. Irkutsk Oblast has an estimated 22,413 bears and a permitted harvest of 4,098. These are the ministry's population estimates and allowances for removal.
  10. The ministry describes those allowances as 14 percent in Kamchatka and 18 percent in Irkutsk Oblast. Both percentages are rounded. Comparing them with the announced maximum shows how much more room regions could have to authorize removals.
  11. Subscribe to this channel to follow the regional decisions and whether bear attacks decline.
  12. The 30 percent ceiling stands 11 percentage points above Krasnoyarsk Krai's 19 percent limit. It's 16 points above Kamchatka's 14 percent, and 12 above Irkutsk Oblast's 18 percent. These gaps compare permitted removal levels.
  13. The figures show the potential for substantially larger regional culls. They don't tell us how much of that allowance regions will use. The government is also preparing financial help for removing bears that approach people and feed at rubbish dumps.
  14. Thirteen regions have applied for assistance. The ministry says planned joint financing exceeds 80 million rubles to help cover regional removal costs. The funding is still described as planned support, with eventual spending dependent on implementation.
  15. Natural Resources Minister Alexander Kozlov proposed locality-specific bear-population standards on September 30. The government was also preparing rules to let regions make population-control decisions more quickly. The November announcement adds a specific regional maximum to that policy effort.
  16. The announcement hasn't yet shown whether wider culls reduce attacks. Regional implementation and subsequent encounter and death totals will be needed to judge that. The ministry says the changes are registered, but the date the new rules take effect hasn't been confirmed. No implementation deadline or evaluation timetable has been announced.

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