科学 · “美国号”
“美国号”将迎来驶向墨西哥湾海床的最后航程
原语言视频
译自英文原文。
近1,000英尺长的远洋客轮即将沉入墨西哥湾——这不是一场灾难,而是有意为之。佛罗里达州奥卡卢萨县计划让“美国号”沉船,将这艘创下纪录的客轮变成世界上最大的人工礁。1
县政府在10月26日的公告中将2026年11月12日(星期四)定为投放日期,天气允许的情况下举行,并计划于11月11日举行送别仪式。这仍是一项计划,而非已经完成的沉船行动。如果计划实施,这艘幸存下来的船将成为永久的水下景点,而不再是水面上的历史船舶。2
这些区别之所以重要,是因为该项目结合了三件截然不同的事:即将开展的海上作业、不可逆转的保护决定,以及回报尚未兑现的旅游投资。
预定的终点,尚未抵达
作业计划于11月12日上午10时开始。现有报道没有注明时区,而计划的作业开始时间并不意味着船会在那一刻沉入水下。现有报道也未确定拖航的确切出发时间。1
规模才是重点。这不是一艘加入当地潜水线路的小船,而是一整艘远洋客轮,长度比“泰坦尼克号”还多出100多英尺。计划中的上层甲板水深约60英尺,海床则约在水面下180英尺处。这些都是预测,并非投放后勘测所得的测量数据。1
这艘船将加入奥卡卢萨县500多处人工礁之列,其中包括12艘较小的沉船。计划地点距“奥里斯坎尼号”航空母舰约12海里;该舰于2006年沉没,作为潜水景点使用。现有的人工礁网络说明了这一区域的吸引力,但仅凭这一点,无法确定这艘船会带来怎样的栖息地或旅游收益。1
客轮沉没后,什么得以留存
“美国号”的建造目标是追求速度,同时也为可能改作军队运输船留有用途。1952年首航时,它用了3天10小时40分钟横渡大西洋,平均速度为36节,比“玛丽皇后号”的纪录快了10小时。它至今仍保持着客轮横渡大西洋的速度纪录。乘客中包括世界领导人、好莱坞明星和数千名移民。1
如果这艘船改造成人工礁,它将成为一处独特的历史景点,水面上下皆可参观。
作为保护协会主席,吉布斯支持以这种新形式延续这艘船的历史。当地领导人称,改造成人工礁是避免拆解报废的唯一可行替代方案。这是他们的判断,并非司法裁定认定所有其他保护可能性都已穷尽。实际取舍很明确:这艘幸存下来的船将沉入水下,而其历史的通俗易懂介绍则计划留在岸上。1
成本与承诺带来的回报
奥卡卢萨县承诺投入1,010万美元,用于购买、运输、清理和沉放这艘客轮。《独立报》报道称,其中包括拨给岸上博物馆的100万美元。这是资金承诺,并非经审计确认的最终支出;拨款安排也不能证明博物馆已经建成或开放。1
这项区域合作还获得彭萨科拉旅游部门提供的150万美元,以及佛罗里达州海岸保护协会提供的50万美元;后者称这是其40年来最大的一笔单次捐款。这些捐款与县政府承诺资金之间的关系尚未得到充分核对,因此无法将它们相加得出可靠的项目总成本。1
县政府官员保罗·米克森预计,这项合作将惠及佛罗里达州西北部乃至全州的旅游业。潜水经营者、包船钓鱼业者和酒店预计每年将获得数百万美元收入。这些是对尚未投放的景点所作的预期,并非实测回报。对承诺打造的海洋栖息地也应作同样区分:为人工礁做准备,并不能证明其最终生态表现。1
对于希望观看沉船或日后前去潜水的人来说,沉船时间表并不代表已经公布了开放安排。海岸警卫队10月30日发布的通告说明,这艘客轮及正式参与拖航的船只周围将设有100码的移动安全区。该限制并未确定沉船地点的禁入范围或之后的潜水规定。此处没有可核实的公众潜水开放日期。12
来源17
https://www.fox10tv.com
The Independent
- HeyDay News
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来自 17 家媒体的 25 个来源· 引用最多的优先
delawareonline.com1
Federal Registerfederalregister.gov1
New York Coalition to Save the SS United Statesnycsavessus.org1
obawebsite.com1
播出原貌
- Okaloosa County plans to sink the SS United States to create the world's largest artificial reef. The nearly thousand-foot liner would become a permanent underwater destination, ending its future as an above-water vessel. What would survive of its history, and what has to happen before the ship goes under?
- The county has scheduled the sinking for November 12, 2026, weather permitting. The ship is nearly one thousand feet long, more than one hundred feet longer than Titanic. Its conversion would put an entire ocean liner on the Gulf seabed.
- The SS United States still holds the transatlantic speed record for a passenger ship. On its maiden voyage in 1952, it crossed in three days, ten hours and forty minutes, averaging 36 knots. It cut ten hours from Queen Mary's record. Built to double as a military troopship, the liner carried world leaders, Hollywood stars and thousands of immigrants.
- The planned reef site lies about 22 nautical miles southwest of Destin and 32 nautical miles southeast of Pensacola. The ship is to be towed from Mobile, Alabama, in the preceding days. Those distances describe the intended offshore area approximately.
- The liner spent nearly three decades docked in Philadelphia while preservationists sought a restoration plan. High costs repeatedly defeated those projects. A dispute over dockage fees and rent eventually brought a court order requiring it to leave. The ship reached Mobile in March 2025 after a twelve-day tow. Workers have since removed wiring, glass, plastic and hazardous chemicals to prepare it.
- The New York Coalition to Save the Steam Ship United States sued on March 2, 2025, seeking to prevent its destruction and sinking. A federal court dismissed the case on August 6 that year for lack of standing, and terminated it.
- Standing concerns whether someone has the legal right to bring a case. The dismissal left the historical and environmental merits of sinking the ship undecided. An earlier court pause covered the litigation and evidence-gathering while the judge considered jurisdiction. The coalition's lawsuit therefore can't simply be treated as a court order holding up this deployment.
- Okaloosa County committed ten point one million dollars to acquiring, transporting, cleaning and submerging the liner. That funding covers the work of turning a historic ship into a reef. The commitment also includes a reported allocation for a museum ashore.
- County commissioners approved the acquisition arrangement by four votes to one on October 1, 2024. The ship's purchase price was one million dollars. A separate one million dollars is reportedly earmarked for the onshore museum. The museum is intended to tell the vessel's story to visitors who'll never see it underwater. The county commitment is a budget figure, with actual expenditure still to come.
- Conservancy president Susan Gibbs supports preserving the ship's history through an underwater attraction and an onshore museum. She said the liner has inspired millions as a symbol of American pride and excellence, and described the proposed reef as a historic attraction.
- The conservancy and the coalition pursued different futures for the same ship. The coalition sought to keep the physical vessel from being destroyed or sunk. Local leaders describe reefing as the only viable alternative to scrapping. Under their plan, the surviving vessel goes underwater, while an accessible account of its history is meant to remain ashore.
- County official Paul Mixon expects the collaboration to benefit tourism across Northwest Florida and the state. Dive businesses, charter fishing operators and hotels anticipate millions of dollars in annual tourism revenue. Those are expectations for a reef that hasn't yet been deployed.
- Pensacola tourism officials contributed one point five million dollars to the regional partnership that helped secure the location. Coastal Conservation Association Florida contributed five hundred thousand dollars, its largest single donation in forty years. Those contributions haven't been reconciled with the county commitment closely enough to calculate a separate overall project price.
- The upper decks are expected to sit roughly sixty feet below the surface, with the seabed approximately one hundred eighty feet down. Those are planned depths. The final position will depend on the deployment, and nobody has announced a public diving opening date.
- The liner would join more than five hundred artificial reefs in Okaloosa County, including a dozen smaller shipwrecks. Its planned site is about twelve nautical miles from USS Oriskany, the aircraft carrier sunk as a dive site in 2006. That existing network gives the project a regional setting. New habitat and tourism gains from this ship still lie ahead.
- The sendoff ceremony is scheduled for November 11. Deployment operations are due to begin at ten a.m. on November 12, weather permitting. That's the scheduled start of the operation. It doesn't promise the moment the ship will pass beneath the surface.
- The Coast Guard has described a one-hundred-yard moving safety zone around the ship and vessels officially involved in its tow. That restriction covers the tow operation. Officials haven't announced a public diving opening date or the sinking site's exclusion boundaries. A planned upper-deck depth of sixty feet doesn't give anyone permission to dive.
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