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科学 · “美国号”

“美国号”将迎来驶向墨西哥湾海床的最后航程

这艘创下纪录的客轮计划于11月12日改造成海底人工礁,具体取决于天气。保护诉讼已被驳回,但这并未裁定沉船行动本身的是非。

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译自英文原文。

近1,000英尺长的远洋客轮即将沉入墨西哥湾——这不是一场灾难,而是有意为之。佛罗里达州奥卡卢萨县计划让“美国号”沉船,将这艘创下纪录的客轮变成世界上最大的人工礁。⁠1

县政府在10月26日的公告中将2026年11月12日(星期四)定为投放日期,天气允许的情况下举行,并计划于11月11日举行送别仪式。这仍是一项计划,而非已经完成的沉船行动。如果计划实施,这艘幸存下来的船将成为永久的水下景点,而不再是水面上的历史船舶。⁠2

常与该项目一同被提及的保护诉讼,并不能证明法院正在阻碍这项行动。联邦案件于2025年8月6日因原告缺乏诉讼资格而被驳回。这一裁决解决的是原告能否提起该案的问题,而不是沉没这艘客轮在历史或环境方面是否是正确选择。⁠25⁠20

这些区别之所以重要,是因为该项目结合了三件截然不同的事:即将开展的海上作业、不可逆转的保护决定,以及回报尚未兑现的旅游投资。

预定的终点,尚未抵达

计划中的人工礁地点位于德斯廷西南约22海里、彭萨科拉东南约32海里处。县政府以德斯廷—沃尔顿堡滩为参照描述这一位置。这些距离大致标示了近海区域,并非这艘船最终停留位置的已核实坐标。投放前几天,这艘船将从阿拉巴马州莫比尔拖往该处。⁠1⁠2

作业计划于11月12日上午10时开始。现有报道没有注明时区,而计划的作业开始时间并不意味着船会在那一刻沉入水下。现有报道也未确定拖航的确切出发时间。⁠1

规模才是重点。这不是一艘加入当地潜水线路的小船,而是一整艘远洋客轮,长度比“泰坦尼克号”还多出100多英尺。计划中的上层甲板水深约60英尺,海床则约在水面下180英尺处。这些都是预测,并非投放后勘测所得的测量数据。⁠1

这艘船将加入奥卡卢萨县500多处人工礁之列,其中包括12艘较小的沉船。计划地点距“奥里斯坎尼号”航空母舰约12海里;该舰于2006年沉没,作为潜水景点使用。现有的人工礁网络说明了这一区域的吸引力,但仅凭这一点,无法确定这艘船会带来怎样的栖息地或旅游收益。⁠1

客轮沉没后,什么得以留存

“美国号”的建造目标是追求速度,同时也为可能改作军队运输船留有用途。1952年首航时,它用了3天10小时40分钟横渡大西洋,平均速度为36节,比“玛丽皇后号”的纪录快了10小时。它至今仍保持着客轮横渡大西洋的速度纪录。乘客中包括世界领导人、好莱坞明星和数千名移民。⁠1

然而,近30年来,它最鲜明的状态却是停滞不动。它一直停泊在费城,保护人士则不断推动修复计划,但这些计划屡屡因费用问题受挫。关于停泊费和租金的纠纷最终导致法院下令要求这艘船离开泊位。经过12天拖航,它于2025年3月抵达莫比尔。此后,工人已拆除电线、玻璃、塑料和危险化学品,为将其改造成人工礁做准备。⁠1⁠3

保护理念的分歧,并非简单地存在于珍视这艘船的人与不珍视它的人之间。“美国号”保护协会支持将其打造为水下景点,并配套建设岸上博物馆。纽约“拯救美国号汽船联盟”则试图阻止这艘实体船舶被拆解、毁坏或沉没。双方对“拯救”它的含义有着不同理解。⁠1⁠18

如果这艘船改造成人工礁,它将成为一处独特的历史景点,水面上下皆可参观。

苏珊·吉布斯 1

作为保护协会主席,吉布斯支持以这种新形式延续这艘船的历史。当地领导人称,改造成人工礁是避免拆解报废的唯一可行替代方案。这是他们的判断,并非司法裁定认定所有其他保护可能性都已穷尽。实际取舍很明确:这艘幸存下来的船将沉入水下,而其历史的通俗易懂介绍则计划留在岸上。⁠1

该联盟于2025年3月2日在佛罗里达州北区联邦地区法院彭萨科拉分庭提起诉讼。案卷记录显示,法院于同年8月6日以原告缺乏诉讼资格为由驳回案件并结案——诉讼资格是指原告依法有权提起案件。该联盟自己的法律事务网页也报告了这一驳回结果。⁠25⁠20

此前的一项法院命令在审议管辖权期间暂停了案件及证据开示程序;它并未下令停止船上作业或投放行动。此处可查的记录不能证明存在阻止这艘船沉没的禁制令或初步禁令。同样,这些记录也无法确定截至2026年11月8日是否有后续上诉或案件重启。准确的结论应比“诉讼正在阻止行动”或“所有法律问题都已结束”更为有限。⁠24⁠25

成本与承诺带来的回报

奥卡卢萨县承诺投入1,010万美元,用于购买、运输、清理和沉放这艘客轮。《独立报》报道称,其中包括拨给岸上博物馆的100万美元。这是资金承诺,并非经审计确认的最终支出;拨款安排也不能证明博物馆已经建成或开放。⁠1

两笔各100万美元的项目需要区分清楚。县委员于2024年10月1日以4比1投票通过收购安排;当时的报道指出,船舶购买价格为100万美元,另有1,010万美元拨款。购买价格与另行报道的博物馆拨款是两回事。底层逐项预算及博物馆资金协议未能取得核实。⁠5⁠6⁠1

这项区域合作还获得彭萨科拉旅游部门提供的150万美元,以及佛罗里达州海岸保护协会提供的50万美元;后者称这是其40年来最大的一笔单次捐款。这些捐款与县政府承诺资金之间的关系尚未得到充分核对,因此无法将它们相加得出可靠的项目总成本。⁠1

县政府官员保罗·米克森预计,这项合作将惠及佛罗里达州西北部乃至全州的旅游业。潜水经营者、包船钓鱼业者和酒店预计每年将获得数百万美元收入。这些是对尚未投放的景点所作的预期,并非实测回报。对承诺打造的海洋栖息地也应作同样区分:为人工礁做准备,并不能证明其最终生态表现。⁠1

对于希望观看沉船或日后前去潜水的人来说,沉船时间表并不代表已经公布了开放安排。海岸警卫队10月30日发布的通告说明,这艘客轮及正式参与拖航的船只周围将设有100码的移动安全区。该限制并未确定沉船地点的禁入范围或之后的潜水规定。此处没有可核实的公众潜水开放日期。⁠12

接下来已确定日期的活动是11月11日的送别仪式,之后将于11月12日视天气情况进行沉放。在拖航和沉船行动得到确认之前,“美国号”仍只是计划中的人工礁。预计深度并不等于获准潜水,预算不等于最终账单,而它的新用途也无法抹去即将失去的东西:在水面上邂逅这艘远洋客轮的可能性。⁠2⁠1

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来自 17 家媒体的 25 个来源· 引用最多的优先

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  1. Okaloosa County plans to sink the SS United States to create the world's largest artificial reef. The nearly thousand-foot liner would become a permanent underwater destination, ending its future as an above-water vessel. What would survive of its history, and what has to happen before the ship goes under?
  2. The county has scheduled the sinking for November 12, 2026, weather permitting. The ship is nearly one thousand feet long, more than one hundred feet longer than Titanic. Its conversion would put an entire ocean liner on the Gulf seabed.
  3. The SS United States still holds the transatlantic speed record for a passenger ship. On its maiden voyage in 1952, it crossed in three days, ten hours and forty minutes, averaging 36 knots. It cut ten hours from Queen Mary's record. Built to double as a military troopship, the liner carried world leaders, Hollywood stars and thousands of immigrants.
  4. The planned reef site lies about 22 nautical miles southwest of Destin and 32 nautical miles southeast of Pensacola. The ship is to be towed from Mobile, Alabama, in the preceding days. Those distances describe the intended offshore area approximately.
  5. The liner spent nearly three decades docked in Philadelphia while preservationists sought a restoration plan. High costs repeatedly defeated those projects. A dispute over dockage fees and rent eventually brought a court order requiring it to leave. The ship reached Mobile in March 2025 after a twelve-day tow. Workers have since removed wiring, glass, plastic and hazardous chemicals to prepare it.
  6. The New York Coalition to Save the Steam Ship United States sued on March 2, 2025, seeking to prevent its destruction and sinking. A federal court dismissed the case on August 6 that year for lack of standing, and terminated it.
  7. Standing concerns whether someone has the legal right to bring a case. The dismissal left the historical and environmental merits of sinking the ship undecided. An earlier court pause covered the litigation and evidence-gathering while the judge considered jurisdiction. The coalition's lawsuit therefore can't simply be treated as a court order holding up this deployment.
  8. Okaloosa County committed ten point one million dollars to acquiring, transporting, cleaning and submerging the liner. That funding covers the work of turning a historic ship into a reef. The commitment also includes a reported allocation for a museum ashore.
  9. County commissioners approved the acquisition arrangement by four votes to one on October 1, 2024. The ship's purchase price was one million dollars. A separate one million dollars is reportedly earmarked for the onshore museum. The museum is intended to tell the vessel's story to visitors who'll never see it underwater. The county commitment is a budget figure, with actual expenditure still to come.
  10. Conservancy president Susan Gibbs supports preserving the ship's history through an underwater attraction and an onshore museum. She said the liner has inspired millions as a symbol of American pride and excellence, and described the proposed reef as a historic attraction.
  11. The conservancy and the coalition pursued different futures for the same ship. The coalition sought to keep the physical vessel from being destroyed or sunk. Local leaders describe reefing as the only viable alternative to scrapping. Under their plan, the surviving vessel goes underwater, while an accessible account of its history is meant to remain ashore.
  12. County official Paul Mixon expects the collaboration to benefit tourism across Northwest Florida and the state. Dive businesses, charter fishing operators and hotels anticipate millions of dollars in annual tourism revenue. Those are expectations for a reef that hasn't yet been deployed.
  13. Pensacola tourism officials contributed one point five million dollars to the regional partnership that helped secure the location. Coastal Conservation Association Florida contributed five hundred thousand dollars, its largest single donation in forty years. Those contributions haven't been reconciled with the county commitment closely enough to calculate a separate overall project price.
  14. The upper decks are expected to sit roughly sixty feet below the surface, with the seabed approximately one hundred eighty feet down. Those are planned depths. The final position will depend on the deployment, and nobody has announced a public diving opening date.
  15. The liner would join more than five hundred artificial reefs in Okaloosa County, including a dozen smaller shipwrecks. Its planned site is about twelve nautical miles from USS Oriskany, the aircraft carrier sunk as a dive site in 2006. That existing network gives the project a regional setting. New habitat and tourism gains from this ship still lie ahead.
  16. The sendoff ceremony is scheduled for November 11. Deployment operations are due to begin at ten a.m. on November 12, weather permitting. That's the scheduled start of the operation. It doesn't promise the moment the ship will pass beneath the surface.
  17. The Coast Guard has described a one-hundred-yard moving safety zone around the ship and vessels officially involved in its tow. That restriction covers the tow operation. Officials haven't announced a public diving opening date or the sinking site's exclusion boundaries. A planned upper-deck depth of sixty feet doesn't give anyone permission to dive.

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