政治 · 德国的防火墙
48票让德国选择党取得历史性议长职位——但尚未赢得政府执政权
托比亚斯·劳施以48票获胜,让极右翼获得了议会权力。秘密投票并不能证明基民盟给予了支持,也不能证明存在支持德国选择党领导政府的多数。
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新闻追踪第 3 天
1 篇报道31 家媒体58 个来源2 个视频
48票让极右翼德国选择党(AfD)取得萨克森-安哈尔特州议会议长职位。这比该党自身的席位数多出9票,也让托比亚斯·劳施成为首位当选德国州议会议长的德国选择党政治人物。《卫报》将2026年10月6日的结果称为二战以来德国极右翼首次担任州议会议长。这是一次制度性突破,但尚不意味着赢得州政府控制权。1 11
这一区别很重要。德国选择党萨克森-安哈尔特州支部被认定为确属右翼极端主义活动组织,如今该党人士出任州议会最高代表。该党获得了对议会程序的影响力和显著的公共平台。选举劳施的支持是否也会选出一名德国选择党州政府首脑,目前仍不得而知。2 40
关键事实
劳施在首轮投票中胜出,获得48票赞成、29票反对和5票弃权。《卫报》、德国之声和《爱尔兰时报》均印证了这一票数。议会官方说明证实,83名议员中有82人出席了在马格德堡举行的首次会议,伊娃·冯·安格恩于上午11时宣布会议开始;但可查阅的官方说明没有提供完整的投票结果。1 3 27 4
当天稍晚,另一名德国选择党政治人物汉斯-托马斯·蒂尔施奈德以44票当选副议长。基民盟政治人物卡斯滕·博尔歇特也当选副议长,因此德国选择党并未拿下所有主持会议的职位。博尔歇特的具体得票数尚未确定。1 6 49
票数无法指出投票者身份
眼下的争议涉及德国的“防火墙”——反对与德国选择党合作的政治屏障。显然,劳施获得了党派以外的支持。但秘密投票无法证明这些支持是否有任何一票来自德国总理弗里德里希·默茨所属的基督教民主联盟(基民盟)。
德国萨拉·瓦根克内希特联盟(BSW)的5名成员此前宣布将支持劳施。德国选择党和BSW合计拥有44个席位。报道所述的当选门槛为42票,这两个党派即使没有一张基民盟选票,也足以选出劳施。随着对基民盟可能参与投票的审视加剧,德国之声后续报道明确指出了这一点。1 3 10 2
44与劳施获得的48张赞成票相差4票。但要把这4票归于特定群体,就必须作出一个假设:所有德国选择党议员和所有已宣布支持的BSW成员都按预期投了票。公开表态无法核实秘密投票。超出德国选择党席位数的9票与超出德国选择党和BSW合计席位数的4票,是基于不同基数计算出的数字,并不相互矛盾;但两者都无法指出4名基民盟投票者。1 11 2
德国之声记者西蒙·扬表示,被提及可能支持劳施的人中,没有人承认投了他的票。关于基民盟党团人数的报道也不一致:Bluewin称有14名成员,而已发表的选举摘要称有15名。现有官方席位名单摘录无法解决这一差异;不应依据任一数字判定匿名选票归属。2 26 11 5
德国萨拉·瓦根克内希特联盟(BSW)宣布支持劳施,此事已公开。所谓基民盟参与一事则尚未得到证实。这并不意味着结果在政治上无关紧要:跨党派投票让一名德国选择党政治人物获得了职权。但这也意味着,不能诚实地把结果视为存在联合执政协议、基民盟全面转向或获得全国领导层批准的证据。
终结防火墙的政治平台
政治防火墙的时代应该成为过去。
议长职位并非单纯的荣誉头衔。州议会的官方介绍称,议长主持州议会和长老会的会议,并担任议会最高代表。这些职责赋予劳施程序性影响力和公共地位,但不会使他成为州长,也不会赋予他州政府的行政权力。40
10月7日,默茨表示,投票支持德国选择党与基民盟的价值观不相容,会损害该党的公信力,并是在玩极端分子的游戏。社民党要求其基民盟联合执政伙伴作出解释。不过,默茨也警告不要过早推断选票来源,称选票可能来自其他党派,并提出可能存在“假旗”解释。这种可能性只是猜测,并非协同欺骗的证据。33 37 38
极端主义认定不等于禁令
这项认定仅针对德国选择党萨克森-安哈尔特州支部。该州宪法保卫局于2023年11月7日将其列为“确属右翼极端主义活动组织”(gesichert rechtsextremistische Bestrebung)。2026年9月的报道再次提及这一状态;德国之声10月7日的报道则指出,萨克森-安哈尔特是被列为右翼极端主义组织的三个德国选择党州支部之一。51 53 54 2
这与德国选择党全国党部在联邦层面的情报机构认定不同。联邦宪法保卫局于2025年5月2日将全国性的德国选择党认定为右翼极端主义政党,5月8日在诉讼期间暂停这一分类;2026年2月26日,法院禁令暂停了联邦层面的认定。这些进展并不能证明萨克森-安哈尔特州的单独认定已被撤销。上述任何一项认定都不是法院下令取缔该党的决定。57 56 55
德国之声报道称,柏林的政党要求对现有证据是否足以支持申请取缔德国选择党进行法律评估。目前尚未确认评估已经完成、正式申请已经提出,或宪法取缔程序已经启动。审查是否申请取缔,不等于向法院提出申请,也不会立即构成阻止劳施就职的法律障碍。3
12月将迎来行政权力考验
此次突破发生在9月6日的州选举之后,德国选择党赢得了近44%的选票。一份已发表的选举摘要给出的数字为43.8%,但在可查阅的官方结果摘录中看不到这一百分比。该党赢得39个席位,在83席议会中未能取得绝对多数。1 29 11 5
德国选择党还希望在2029年争取全国执政。这些抱负尚未成为确定结果。对劳施和蒂尔施奈德的支持表明有人支持他们担任议会职务,但不一定支持齐格蒙德或德国选择党领导的内阁。下一个关键问题是,是否会有多数人支持该党从主持议会转向执掌政府。3
本报道使用的来源
《卫报》的选举报道 1;德国之声10月7日 2 和10月6日 3 的新闻节目;州议会关于首次会议的说明 4;最终官方席位分布材料 5;MDR 6;ZDF 7;德国之声的选举报道 8;《商报》 9;《法兰克福汇报》 10;已发表的选举摘要 11;Schwäbische 12。
州议会宪法及程序文件 13 14 15;10月议程注释版 16;议长英文网页 17;议会通知 18;较早版本的宪法文本 19;法律参考网页 20;议会组成程序说明 21;Tagesschau的会议报道 22。
BBC报道 23;Politico 24;GermanPolicy 25;Bluewin 26;《爱尔兰时报》 27;Pollar 28;Euronews 29;The Local 30;BBC备用域名上的报道 31。
德国之声关于基民盟受到审视的报道 32;Tagesschau关于默茨的报道 33;Anadolu 34;德国之声德语报道 35;《南德意志报》 36;《明镜》关于默茨的报道 37;Tagesspiegel关于联合执政伙伴回应和抗议的报道 38 39。
播出原貌 21 行
- The far-right AfD has won a German state-parliament speakership for the first time. Its Saxony-Anhalt branch is classified as a confirmed right-wing extremist endeavour, and now supplies parliament’s highest representative. But the party has not won the state government. Can the support that elected its speaker also deliver executive power?
- Eighty-two of the 83 legislators attended the new parliament’s opening sitting in Magdeburg on 6 October 2026. Eva von Angern opened proceedings at 11 a.m. The ninth-term Landtag then elected Tobias Rausch as its president, or speaker.
- Rausch received 48 votes in favour, with 29 against and five abstentions: 82 secret ballots. His election marks Germany’s first far-right regional parliamentary speakership since the Second World War. The result establishes his victory, not the identity of any voter.
- Hans-Thomas Tillschneider, another AfD politician, won a vice-presidency later that day with 44 votes. But CDU politician Carsten Borchert also became a vice-president. His vote total has not been established. The AfD did not take every presiding office.
- The decisive political question is not whether Rausch attracted votes beyond his party. He did. It is whether those votes prove that Chancellor Friedrich Merz’s conservatives crossed their own firewall against cooperation with the AfD. The ballot does not establish that.
- The AfD held 39 seats. Five BSW members announced support for Rausch, bringing their combined strength to 44. With 42 votes needed, those two parties could elect him without any CDU votes. He ultimately received 48.
- That leaves nine votes beyond AfD strength, or four beyond combined AfD–BSW strength. Those figures are not contradictory: they use different baselines. The four-vote calculation assumes all 39 AfD members and all five BSW members voted as expected. A public promise does not verify a secret ballot.
- No individual CDU vote for Rausch has been established, and no named possible CDU supporter has admitted casting one. Even the CDU group’s size remains unresolved between 14 and 15; neither number identifies the anonymous ballots.
- A complete party-by-party seat allocation has not been established either. What is public is the BSW members’ announced support. What remains unknown is who supplied each ballot. Cross-party support for a speaker is not a coalition agreement, a wholesale CDU policy reversal, or proof that its national leadership sanctioned cooperation.
- Rausch wants political firewalls consigned to the past. His victory gives that ambition an institutional platform. The 35-year-old real-estate entrepreneur and AfD election manager is a close confidant of Ulrich Siegmund, the party’s candidate seeking to lead the state government.
- The speaker chairs meetings of the Landtag and its Council of Elders and serves as parliament’s highest representative. Those duties confer influence over proceedings and a prominent public platform. They do not make Rausch minister-president or give him the executive powers of the state government.
- About 500 people gathered on Cathedral Square on the morning of the vote, chanting “Nazis out.” The Landtag stands directly opposite Magdeburg’s cathedral. The protest opposed the far right heading the chamber; it did not establish which legislators supplied the votes.
- Friedrich Merz condemned voting for the AfD on 7 October. He said it was incompatible with CDU values, damaged the party’s credibility and played the extremists’ game. The SPD demanded explanations from its CDU coalition partner.
- But Merz also warned against premature conclusions about the votes’ origin. He suggested they could have come from another party and raised a possible “false flag” explanation. That possibility is speculation, not evidence of a coordinated deception. His condemnation does not resolve who voted for Rausch.
- The CDU’s parliamentary leadership recommended abstention before the ballot. Only five abstentions were recorded in the result. Neither the instruction nor that total proves whether the CDU group complied: the secrecy protects every individual member’s vote.
- The extremist designation applies specifically to the AfD’s Saxony-Anhalt branch. The state domestic intelligence service classified it as a confirmed right-wing extremist endeavour on 7 November 2023, and that status was reiterated in September 2026. Saxony-Anhalt is one of three AfD state branches carrying that classification.
- The nationwide party’s federal classification followed a different path: designation on 2 May 2025, suspension pending litigation on 8 May, and a court injunction on 26 February 2026. Those federal developments do not establish that Saxony-Anhalt’s separate state designation was lifted.
- A classification is not a court order banning the party. Parties in Berlin requested a legal assessment of whether evidence could support an AfD ban application. No completed assessment, formal application or initiated constitutional ban proceeding has been established.
- The parliamentary breakthrough rests on a strong electoral result: 43.8%, nearly 44%, in the 6 September 2026 state election. That gave the AfD 39 of the chamber’s 83 seats—short of an outright majority. Votes for its presiding officers do not necessarily translate into votes for an AfD-led cabinet.
- Ulrich Siegmund still has to assemble support to become minister-president. The parliamentary vote is expected in December 2026. No exact voting day or independently verified statutory formation deadline has been established. The AfD also aims to challenge for national power in 2029.
- Those remain ambitions, not secured outcomes. The answer to whether the speaker’s majority can deliver executive power is still unknown: neither the secret ballot nor the vice-presidency vote establishes a majority for Siegmund. Electing him minister-president would give the AfD executive authority that Rausch’s parliamentary office does not confer.
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