政治 · 示威责任
法国“让骚乱者买单”法案的适用范围超出造成损害者
参议院以219–115票支持限制网络内容,并通过了一项范围更广的赔偿法案。但其对共同责任、家庭福利和平台封锁的影响范围仍未确定。
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1 篇报道19 家媒体43 个来源1 个视频
219名参议员投票支持赋予新权力,以要求删除危险的网络内容;115名参议员投票反对。这一多数票使法国的“让骚乱者买单”法案越过了可能遭遇打压的阶段,进入获参议院通过的法案文本。但这并未使这些权力成为法律——政府在最后时刻退让,也留下一个重要疑问:参议员究竟批准了什么。 24
这项更广泛的法案还可能要求某人为其本人并未直接造成的损害支付赔偿,并允许从某些家庭福利中追偿债务。参议院已通过该法案,接下来将提交国民议会审议。219–115的票数针对的是网络内容措施,并非整部法案。 4 8 30
政府在巴黎圣日耳曼队于2026年赢得欧冠联赛冠军前后发生暴力事件后宣布提出该方案。中学生的动员行动加快了审议进程。委员会于10月21日批准该法案,议院于10月27日依照加速程序开始辩论。内政部长洛朗·努涅兹称,网络条款是对10月17日示威活动周边破坏事件的回应。这些是政府提出立法的理由,并不能证明社交媒体本身导致了骚乱。 4 6 24
删除内容的命令不等于关闭服务
常规的网络内容处理途径将扩大Pharos系统的适用范围。该系统用于举报非法网络内容。当局可要求删除明显违法的煽动性内容——包括煽动暴力、盗窃、毁坏和财产损害的内容——前提是这些内容可能造成严重的公共秩序混乱。平台须在24小时内采取行动,之后当局方可寻求封锁或从搜索结果中移除相关内容。 24 26
努涅兹向参议员作出以下保证,译自法语:
我们说的不是关闭社交网络;我们说的只是利用Pharos系统删除内容。
这种区分很重要,但并未消除相关疑虑。删除帖子、让网站更难通过搜索找到,以及中断访问,是不同的干预措施。封锁的影响可能远超原始违法内容。现有证据不能证明当局拥有一项全面权力,可以关闭所有社交网络;同样,部长的保证也不能免除审查封锁权力及其保障措施的必要性。 24 26
政府最初为煽动攻击、叛乱或拿起武器反抗国家或部分民众的言论提议了一条更快的处理途径。平台只有一小时删除相关内容,之后当局便可寻求封锁并将其从搜索结果中移除。法新社10月27日晚间发出的报道由《Notre Temps》刊载,报道称努涅兹提出宪法和欧洲法律方面的疑虑后,政府在最后时刻撤回了这条途径。 24 26
但文件记录尚未厘清。参议院记录显示,政府第94号修正案(修订案二)和内容相同的第50号修正案(修订案六)于10月27日一并通过。由参议员达米安·米沙莱牵头、标记为已通过的第50号修正案公开页面,在解释部分仍描述了一小时机制。若没有完整的参议院汇编文本,就不能负责任地将其视为紧急权力得以保留的证据,也不能据此确认该权力已被删除。 26 32
第50号修正案还规定,对未能在24小时内删除明显属于其涵盖范围的内容的托管服务提供商处以重罚:监禁六个月,并罚款€150,000。对公司的罚款可达其上一年度全球营业额(不含税)的2%,并可禁止其从事相关业务,期限最长为五年。这些是修正案文本中可见的条款,并非已生效法律,也不是对最终法案内容经过全面核实的说明。 26
右翼、大多数中间派和国民联盟支持这项网络措施;左翼则反对。米沙莱为该措施辩护,称其旨在解除违法者利用网络的能力。生态党人托马·多叙斯称该措施对言论自由的限制不成比例;共产党人法比安·盖则警告,威权政府可能利用它控制社会运动。一些右翼和中间派参议员也质疑其是否符合比例原则。 24
谁为他人造成的损害买单
赔偿机制的适用范围超出了打破窗户的人。根据审议期间的说明,法官可对明知参与一个旨在造成损害的团体,或在警方两次下令解散后仍留在集会现场的人,判定其承担共同民事责任。因此,此人可能面临赔偿索偿,即使其本人并未直接造成损失。这是一项拟议中的民事追偿机制,并非对所有示威者自动收费。 4
审议期间设定的上限为€10,000。参议员否决了一项将上限提高至€20,000的修正案。这并不意味着每位示威者都要支付€10,000:法官将根据拟议条件判定责任。最终的具体条件仍须对照汇编后的文本核实。 4 5
一项保障措施可能尤其重要。委员会为有正当理由留在现场的人提供保护,并以记者、观察员和医务人员为例。政府试图将保护范围缩小至职业记者。目前尚未确定最终保留的是哪种表述。留在现场记录事件或救治伤者,显然不同于加入一个破坏财物的团体;法律文本必须明确如何保障这一区别。 4
这项措施的经济影响延伸至家庭。审议期间,可追偿的福利包括住房补助和家庭津贴。委员会将RSA最低收入补助纳入其中,同时允许保留最低生活金额。这意味着用于支付房租、养育子女和基本生活开支的钱,也可能被用于偿还赔偿债务。 4
法案通过后的报道证实,法案仍保留了从福利中追偿的规定。然而,一项日期为10月28日、标记为已通过的委员会临时修正案A-1,改写了第4条。不能简单地把此前的福利清单及最低收入保障视为参议院最终版本。 30 31
反对者认为,共同责任会让参与者因他人的行为背负债务,从而阻碍合法抗议;扣押福利则会把后果扩散到整个家庭。参议员否决了盖提出的正式动议,该动议质疑法案是否符合宪法规定的可受理条件。但这一议会决定并未解决有关个人责任权、集会自由、言论自由和示威自由的宪法问题。 6
参议院还批准了由省长对被认为特别暴力的人实施个人示威禁令,即使此人此前没有被定罪也可实施。委员会提出的更广泛方案还包括放宽示威活动中的无人机限制,并可能将因特定严重罪行被定罪的外国人排除在法国之外。这些新增内容凸显了该立法的范围远不止追讨修缮费用。 4 24
法院先例的影响有利有弊
法国已有一项判决警示,全面封锁一项服务可能付出代价。2025年4月1日,法国国务委员会裁定,加布里埃尔·阿塔尔政府于2024年5月中断新喀里多尼亚的TikTok服务,属于违法行为。不过,该裁决并未禁止所有特殊情况下的行政封锁。法院认可,在没有可立即采用的技术替代方案时,暴力骚乱可能足以成为最初实施临时中断的理由。 13 14
问题在于,以公共秩序问题持续存在为由,无限期全面封锁。法院提出三项要求:暂停服务必须是应对特别严重事件所必需的;不得存在可立即采用且对权利干扰更小的技术替代方案;封锁只能持续到确定并实施替代方案所需的时间为止。与服务提供商合作限制特定功能,可能就是一种替代方案。 14
通常,暂停在线服务需要有法律依据。在常规权力和紧急权力都不够用时,特殊情形可以允许当局采取紧急行动,但须接受行政司法审查。法院强调了此类行动对言论自由、获取思想观点的权利、私人和家庭生活以及商业活动的影响。 14
欧洲法律的规定也比“各国政府不能采取行动”这种简单说法更具体。《数字服务法》第51条第3款(b)项规定,在其他执法权力用尽后,可通过司法途径临时限制访问。持续存在的违规行为必须造成无法通过其他方式避免的严重损害,涉及威胁人身生命或安全的刑事犯罪,并且此前的执法要求未得到充分遵守。限制措施必须符合比例原则,避免过度切断人们获取合法信息的渠道。 35
第56条赋予欧盟委员会对超大型平台和搜索引擎一组特定义务的专属执法权,但并非涵盖所有义务或所有可能的国家封锁措施。对于其他义务,除非欧盟委员会已就同一违规行为启动程序,否则服务提供商主要设立地所在国仍可保留执法权力。仅凭这些区别,无法确定法国拟议中的机制是否符合欧盟法律。 35
接下来将由国民议会审议,目前尚无经核实的辩论日期。在明确参议院法案的最终影响范围之前,整合后的文本必须厘清一小时的差异、封锁保障措施、对正当观察者的保护,以及可用于追偿的福利。“让骚乱者买单”是句简单的口号。但若法律要触及未造成任何损害的人、家庭基本生活保障以及获取合法信息的权利,就需要精确得多。
播出原貌 31 行
- French senators voted 219 to 115 for new online-content restrictions. The wider bill could make participants pay for damage someone else caused, with household benefits exposed. It still has to become law. How far would these new powers reach?
- The Senate has passed the wider compensation bill under an accelerated procedure. Committee approval came on October 21, followed by the opening of chamber debate on October 27. Its next destination is the National Assembly.
- The government announced the proposal after violence surrounding Paris Saint-Germain’s 2026 Champions League victory. School-student mobilisation then helped accelerate its examination. Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez presented the online measure as a response to damage around demonstrations on October 17.
- Nuñez says the government wants to use Pharos, the system for reporting unlawful internet material, to remove dangerous posts. He told senators that calls to insurrection were circulating and defended a wider power to demand their removal.
- The ordinary route targets clearly unlawful incitement that could cause a serious public-order disturbance. That includes calls to violence, theft, destruction and property damage. Authorities would request removal, and platforms would have 24 hours to act.
- If a platform leaves covered content available beyond 24 hours, authorities could seek blocking or delisting. Delisting makes a site harder to find through search. Blocking interrupts access, potentially affecting much more than the original post.
- The government also proposed a faster route for calls to an attack, insurrection or taking up arms against the state or part of the population. It would have allowed just one hour for removal before authorities could seek blocking and delisting.
- The government reportedly dropped that one-hour route after Nuñez raised constitutional and European-law concerns. But an amendment the Senate lists as adopted still describes it. The final combined text needs to clarify which version survived.
- The Senate records the government amendment and an identical proposal led by Senator Damien Michallet as adopted together. Michallet’s published amendment retains the emergency explanation. It also contains substantial penalties for hosting providers that fail to remove covered content within 24 hours.
- That amendment sets six months’ imprisonment and a fine of 150,000 euros. For a company, the fine could reach two percent of its previous year’s worldwide turnover, before tax. These penalties appear in the amendment and aren't in force.
- Companies could also face a ban on the relevant business activity for up to five years. The unresolved final wording prevents treating every provision on that amendment page as the definitive Senate package.
- Michallet defended the measure as disarming offenders’ use of networks. Ecologist Thomas Dossus called it a disproportionate restriction on freedom of expression. Communist Fabien Gay warned that an authoritarian government could use it to control social movements.
- The right, most centrists and the National Rally supported the online measure. The left opposed it. Some right-wing and centrist senators also questioned whether the restrictions were proportionate.
- The compensation provisions could reach someone who never broke a window. A judge could impose shared civil responsibility on a person who knowingly joined a group formed to cause damage, or stayed after two police orders to disperse.
- That would let authorities seek compensation beyond the individual who directly caused the loss. Opponents argue that a participant could end up sharing a debt for another person’s actions, discouraging people from demonstrating.
- The ceiling during examination was 10,000 euros. Senators rejected an amendment to raise it to 20,000 euros. A judge would decide liability under the proposed conditions, so the figure wouldn't automatically become a debt owed by every demonstrator.
- Senators rejected a formal motion challenging the bill’s constitutional admissibility. That parliamentary vote leaves the constitutional arguments open to judicial scrutiny. The dispute includes personal responsibility and the freedoms to assemble, speak and demonstrate.
- The committee offered protection for people with a legitimate reason to remain, including journalists, observers and medical workers. The government sought to narrow that protection to professional journalists. Which wording survived still needs clarification in the final text.
- The bill would also make certain social benefits available to recover compensation debts. During examination, that included housing assistance and family allowances. The committee added the RSA minimum-income benefit, while allowing the possibility of leaving recipients a minimum amount to live on.
- Recovery from benefits remained in the adopted bill, but a late rewrite changed the relevant article. The earlier benefit list and minimum-income protection therefore need checking against the final wording. Money used for rent, children and basic living costs is at stake.
- The Senate also approved individual protest bans that prefects could impose on people considered particularly violent, even without a prior conviction. The committee’s broader package included loosening drone restrictions at demonstrations and possible exclusion from France for foreigners convicted of specified serious offences.
- France has already faced a court challenge over shutting down a social network. The precedent concerns New Caledonia, where the government interrupted TikTok during violent riots in May 2024. The Conseil d’État ruled that shutdown unlawful on April 1, 2025.
- Gabriel Attal’s government had ordered a complete interruption for an indefinite period. The court accepted that exceptional violence could justify an initial temporary suspension when no technical alternative was immediately available. Continuing public-order problems alone couldn't justify keeping it blocked.
- The court said continued blocking had to depend on the inability to introduce less restrictive alternatives. Those could include working with the provider to restrict particular functions. A total shutdown affects expression and access to ideas, alongside private life and business activity.
- The court set three requirements. A suspension must be essential to confront particularly serious events. No immediately available technical alternative can interfere less with rights. And blocking must last only as long as needed to identify and implement alternatives.
- Administrative judges can review such action. Ordinarily, suspending an online service requires a legal basis. Exceptional circumstances can permit urgent action when ordinary and emergency powers are insufficient. Separately, the 1955 state-of-emergency law allows suspension of services inciting or glorifying terrorism.
- The Digital Services Act also provides a judicial route to temporary access restrictions. Authorities must first exhaust other enforcement powers. The continuing infringement must cause serious harm that can't otherwise be avoided, and involve a criminal offence threatening people’s life or safety.
- The provider must also have failed to comply sufficiently with earlier enforcement requirements. Any restriction must be proportionate and avoid unduly cutting off lawful information.
- The European Commission alone enforces a specified set of obligations for very large platforms and search engines. For other obligations, the country of the provider’s main establishment can retain enforcement powers unless the Commission has opened proceedings over the same infringement.
- Those rules don't by themselves decide whether the proposed French mechanism complies with European law. The one-hour conflict and the final safeguards for blocking, legitimate observers and household subsistence still need resolving in the combined Senate text.
- The Senate has advanced a 24-hour removal route and a compensation mechanism reaching beyond the person who directly caused damage. Further parliamentary consideration will determine their final reach. The National Assembly is next, with no confirmed date for its debate.
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