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莫斯科炼油厂停产：选举日无人机袭击规模创纪录

战争期间针对莫斯科规模最大的空袭在选举之夜发生，两人死亡、约20人受伤，首都一座炼油厂停产，燃料、选票和拟议中的能源休战均成为焦点。

文字 阅读需 6 分钟 · 78 个来源

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原语言视频

译自英文原文。

两年来，乌克兰一直远程袭击俄罗斯炼油厂，试图切断战争所需的燃料和资金。2026年9月19日夜间至9月20日，这场行动直抵首都，原本旷日持久的后勤战演变成莫斯科市及其郊区上空的火光之夜⁠37⁠39。

这次袭击由无人机和导弹联合实施。莫斯科官员以及美国和法国广播机构称，这是战争期间针对首都规模最大的空袭。对发射数量的估计为1,000架以及超过1,000架无人机，另有远程火箭和导弹；列出的系统包括FP-1、RZ-100、MICH-2000、Palianytsia、Vendetta、Liutyi、Bars、Flamingo、Sichen和Pelican⁠4⁠47⁠48。

2俄罗斯统计的莫斯科州死亡人数 5
249该地区03:00-05:00被干扰的无人机 7
~12M tonnes卡波特尼亚炼油厂停产的年产能 39
400+四座机场延误或取消的航班 67

人员伤亡最严重的地方在市区之外。无人机击中拉缅斯科耶区索菲伊诺定居点一栋三层公寓楼，造成一名44岁女性死亡，另有五人受伤，其中包括两名儿童。奥列霍沃-祖耶沃区一栋私人住宅遭袭，一名据报74岁的老人遇难。第三名伤者后来在医院死亡⁠5⁠6⁠10。

早期统计显示有六人受伤；地区后续较完整的通报称约20人受伤，其中包括儿童。列宁斯基区有一人受伤，坠落碎片还引发其他火灾和人员受伤。北部公路旁一栋21层楼疏散了约400名居民，其中包括约70名儿童；约20辆汽车受损，索菲伊诺附近一处仓库群起火，科捷利尼基一套公寓起火。在莫斯科市内，一架无人机击中林荫大道附近一栋住宅楼；市内无人死亡，炼油厂现场也无人死亡。对死亡人数、受伤人数或拦截数量均无独立审计⁠10⁠11⁠38。

地点

  1. 01索菲伊诺，莫斯科州拉缅斯科耶区
  2. 02奥列霍沃-祖耶沃，莫斯科州
  3. 03卡波特尼亚炼油厂，莫斯科东南部
  4. 04谢列梅捷沃机场，莫斯科

卡波特尼亚炼油厂的两套原油加工装置均起火

影响最重大的实质损失发生在莫斯科东南部的卡波特尼亚。该厂名为俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司石油公司莫斯科炼油厂，是首都地区汽油、柴油和航空燃油的重要供应商，年产能约为11至12 million tonnes；厂内两套初级原油加工装置均起火。AVT-6装置约占产能的53%，Euro+联合装置约占47%⁠39⁠43⁠44。

乌克兰军方工作人员称，AVT-6初级装置、一套联合加工装置和一套异构化装置遭到袭击；被点名的系统包括FP-1无人机。原油加工自9月21日起停摆，产品未在圣彼得堡交易所挂牌销售，维修预计需要数周，俄罗斯停产的炼油产能比例从约10%升至约14%。乌方仅确认袭击了石油和后勤设施，并将其描述为对战争经济和石油收入施压，没有声称造成平民死亡⁠71⁠77⁠44。

看似矛盾的数字，反映的是同一夜间不同范围的统计，而非同一口径的总数。莫斯科州在莫斯科时间03:00至05:00统计到249架在17个市镇遭干扰或被摧毁。莫斯科市区方向的统计数字为450架。自周六以来，各条防御线累计统计超过1,600架，其中包括这450架。国防部公布的夜间统计显示，俄罗斯全境、克里米亚和黑海上空共有1,110架；部分汇总的更广泛24小时统计则达到约1,900至1,951架无人机，另有8枚Flamingo导弹⁠1⁠5⁠7。

影响蔓延至袭击地点之外。谢列梅捷沃、伏努科沃、多莫杰多沃和茹科夫斯基机场实施了临时限制，并于周日早上解除；由此造成的延误和取消，从早期统计的约100班，增至四座机场合计超过400班。谢列梅捷沃受影响最严重，进出港航班各有超过100班延误，另有数十班取消，航班还改飞下诺夫哥罗德、喀山、圣彼得堡及其他机场⁠2⁠67⁠68⁠69。

这次袭击发生在俄罗斯9月18日至20日议会选举的第三天，也是最后一天。这是2022年入侵乌克兰以来首次战时议会选举，选举受到严密管控，并被视为对战争支持度的检验。统一俄罗斯党以57.83%的得票率保持优势，高于2021年的49.8%；9月21日公布的国家杜马450个席位中，该党获得创纪录的355席。欧盟称这场选举是一场骗局，是民主的表面装饰⁠17⁠18⁠21。

有关反战力量表现的报道相互矛盾：一种说法称，亚博卢党在一个地区获得了微小立足点；另一种说法则称，这个自由派反战政党被禁止参加选举。从符拉迪沃斯托克到莫斯科附近的波多利斯克，投票站一直开放。分析人士警告，推迟到投票结束后作出的动员决定如今可能会付诸实施；在被占领的赫尔松，两人遇难，其中包括一名选举官员⁠15⁠16⁠20。

从能源休战谈判到袭击

  1. 9月14日

    宣布暂停袭击能源设施；基辅不知情，莫斯科未置评。

    27
  2. 9月15日

    萨马拉州锡兹兰的俄罗斯石油公司炼油厂遭袭起火；40多架无人机被击落。

    33
  3. 9月20日

    莫斯科遭大规模袭击，卡波特尼亚炼油厂起火，投票结束。

    6
  4. 9月21日

    选举结果公布；有人致电要求停止袭击炼油厂。

    28
  5. 9月22日

    在纽约举行的联合国大会会议上讨论能源停火、爱国者防空系统和制裁。

    25

9月14日宣布暂停袭击能源目标，但未能维持。基辅表示不知已达成协议，莫斯科也没有公开确认。9月15日凌晨，乌克兰军队袭击了萨马拉州的俄罗斯石油公司锡兹兰炼油厂，引发火灾，据报有40多架无人机被击落；双方仍继续袭击能源目标⁠27⁠33⁠32。

9月21日，唐纳德·特朗普在电话中敦促弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基停止袭击炼油厂，理由是担心柴油供应，并反复强调“柴油、柴油、柴油”。9月22日，在纽约举行的第81届联合国大会期间，特朗普与泽连斯基会面，讨论能源停火、包括“爱国者”系统在内的防空措施、结束战争的步骤，以及对俄罗斯石油买家的制裁和关税。特朗普将袭击炼油厂与柴油价格挂钩，并称俄罗斯已失去对柴油生产的控制⁠28⁠61⁠62。

泽连斯基表示，没有人要求乌克兰单方面停火；只有俄罗斯停止袭击乌克兰的电力、供暖、供水及相关基础设施，基辅才会对等停火。他还表示，基辅仍准备达成互惠的能源停火协议，由盟友监督执行并保留施压手段，以应对任何针对特定目标的部分停火。俄乌连夜再次袭击能源基础设施，凸显了停火讨论与地面现实之间的差距；据称美国特使可能会向莫斯科传话⁠29⁠31⁠26。

已知

  • 俄罗斯统计称，莫斯科州有两名已确认身份的死者；卡波特尼亚炼油厂起火并停产。 6
  • 莫斯科四座机场实施限制，航班延误或取消超过400班。 67

未知

  • 实际发射和拦截数量；目前无法进行独立审计。
  • 炼油厂数周的维修是否会加剧柴油和燃油价格压力。

后续

  • 纽约的互惠能源停火讨论能否带来核查机制，还是只会迎来更多袭击。

来源52

在此处引用的来源中，FRANCE 24 English最先发布，比本报道播出早3天。 随后还有3家媒体发布。
  1. FRANCE 24 English
  2. ABC News
  3. PBS NewsHour
  4. CBS News
  5. HeyDay News

48家媒体未注明日期：Kyiv Postukrinform.netReutersAl JazeeraThe Kyiv Independentusnews.com

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来自 52 家媒体的 78 个来源· 引用最多的优先

播出原貌
  1. Fire shut the capital's main fuel refinery after drones pierced defenses.
  2. Two people are dead across the Moscow region, about twenty are wounded including children, four airports froze, and gasoline, diesel and jet fuel for the capital is cut at the source.
  3. Can a reciprocal energy ceasefire stop the refinery war before fuel pressure spreads?
  4. The night assault landed hardest outside the city. A drone struck a three-storey apartment building in the Sofyino settlement in Ramensky district, killing a 44-year-old woman and wounding five there including two children. A private house in Orekhovo-Zuevo district was hit, killing an elderly man reported as 74. A third person later died in hospital. Early tallies listed six injured; fuller regional updates listed about 20 injured including children, with one injury in Leninsky district, additional fires and injuries tied to falling debris, about 400 residents including about 70 children emptied from a 21-storey block on Severnoye Highway, about 20 cars damaged, a warehouse complex near Sofyino burned, an apartment burned in Kotelniki, and a drone hit a residential building near a boulevard inside Moscow city with no fatalities in the city and no fatalities at the refinery itself. No independent audit of dead, injured or intercepts exists.
  5. The most consequential damage is at Kapotnya in southeast Moscow. The Gazprom Neft Moscow Oil Refinery, a major supplier of gasoline, diesel and jet fuel for the capital region with capacity around 11 to 12 million tonnes a year, caught fire in both primary crude units. The AVT-6 unit holds about 53 percent of capacity and the Euro+ combined unit holds about 47 percent. Ukrainian military staff identified hits on the AVT-6 primary unit, a combined processing unit and an isomerization unit, with FP-1 drones among the systems named. Crude processing halted from September 21, products were not offered on the St. Petersburg exchange, repairs are expected to take weeks, and offline Russian refining capacity rose from about 10 percent to about 14 percent.
  6. The numbers describe different slices of the same night, not one count. The Moscow Region tally for 03:00 to 05:00 Moscow time was 249 jammed or destroyed across 17 municipalities. The Moscow city approach tally was 450. The cumulative tally since Saturday across all defensive lines was more than 1,600 including those 450. The Defense Ministry overnight tally across Russia, Crimea and the Black Sea was 1,110, with a broader 24-hour tally reaching about 1,900 to 1,951 drones plus eight Flamingo missiles in some compilations. Launch figures were framed as 1,000 and over 1,000 drones plus long-range rockets and missiles, with systems listed as FP-1, RZ-100, MICH-2000, Palianytsia, Vendetta, Liutyi, Bars, Flamingo, Sichen and Pelican. The operation was characterized as the largest air assault on the capital of the war. Ukrainian confirmation was limited to oil and logistics hits, framed as pressure on the war economy and oil revenue, without claiming civilian deaths.
  7. Geography explains the disruption. Homes and warehouses burned around Sofyino and Ramensky, Kotelniki and Leninsky, Orekhovo-Zuevo to the east, and Kapotnya in the southeast, while a residential building was hit inside the city. Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Domodedovo and Zhukovsky imposed temporary restrictions lifted Sunday morning, with knock-on delays and cancellations ranging from about 100 in early counts to more than 400 across the four airports. Sheremetyevo was hit hardest with more than 100 delays each way and dozens of cancellations, plus diversions to Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, St. Petersburg and other fields.
  8. The assault struck on the third and final day of Russia's September 18 to 20 parliamentary vote, the first wartime parliamentary election since the 2022 invasion, tightly managed and cast as a test of war support. United Russia retained dominance on 57.83 percent of the vote, up from 49.8 percent in 2021, and a record 355 of 450 State Duma seats announced September 21. The European Union dismissed the vote as sham and a veneer of democracy. Reporting conflicts on the anti-war party, with one account of Yabloko winning a tiny regional foothold and another account of the liberal anti-war party barred from the ballot. Polling stayed open from Vladivostok to Podolsk near Moscow, the assault was accused of aiming to disrupt voting and failing, analysts warned mobilization decisions delayed until after the vote could now advance, and two people including an election official were killed in occupied Kherson.
  9. A September 14 announcement of a halt to strikes on energy targets did not hold. Kyiv indicated it was unaware of a concluded deal and Moscow gave no public confirmation, with reporting that a reciprocal halt before winter was resisted. Ukrainian forces hit the Rosneft Syzran refinery in Samara in the early hours of September 15 sparking fire with more than 40 drones reported downed, and both sides kept striking energy targets. On September 21, Trump pressed Zelenskyy by phone to halt refinery strikes over diesel concerns, framed as diesel, diesel, diesel. On September 22 in New York on the sidelines of the 81st United Nations General Assembly, Trump and Zelenskyy met and discussed an energy ceasefire, air defenses including Patriots, steps toward ending the war, and sanctions and tariffs on Russian oil buyers, with Trump tying refinery hits to diesel prices and saying Russia had lost control of diesel production.
  10. Zelenskyy said there was no demand for a unilateral Ukrainian halt, that Kyiv would match a halt only if Russia stopped hitting Ukrainian power, heat, water and related infrastructure, and that Kyiv remained ready for a reciprocal energy ceasefire with allied enforcement and leverage retained for any partial halt on certain targets. Fresh Russia-Ukraine strikes on energy infrastructure overnight underlined the gap between talk of a pause and reality on the ground, with United States envoys described as possible messengers to Moscow. The halted capital refinery needs weeks of repair while diesel and fuel-price pressure spreads, wounded including children face treatment and recovery, the intercept record cannot be audited from public data, and the reciprocal proposal remains on the table without agreed verification, asset, blockade or wider ceasefire terms.

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