科学 · 南澳大利亚州藻华
南澳大利亚州藻华造成至少8,250条鲨鱼和鳐鱼死亡。种群能否恢复?
原语言视频
译自英文原文。
这项统计也不意味着数千只动物都经过了单独检测,并确认死于藻类毒素。它记录的是藻华影响水域中的动物死亡情况。这一区别并不会减轻灾难的严重性,但它为这项统计本身能够证明的内容划定了重要界限。8
这可能是有记录以来规模最大的鲨鱼和鳐鱼大规模死亡事件。
弗林德斯大学海洋与沿海研究联盟主任胡文纳斯向ABC作出了这一判断。“可能”一词很重要:这是专家对该事件可能具有的历史规模所作的判断,并非经过独立确认的世界纪录。报道警告说,一些当地种群可能已经崩溃,但并未证明所有受影响物种都已消失,也未证明任何物种已经灭绝。1
尚未返回的动物
第二个警讯并非来自尸体,而是来自研究人员在藻华发生前就已了解的动物。胡文纳斯的研究涉及大都市区的波特杰克逊鲨和琴鳐种群。他告诉ABC:“藻华发生前,我们标记的150多条鲨鱼和鳐鱼,12个月后没有一条返回。”1
这种缺失令人担忧,但并不能证明每只被标记的动物都已死亡。它们可能已经死亡、迁往别处,也可能未被发现。报道没有提供监测覆盖范围、发现概率或迁移记录,因而无法区分这些可能性。若把所有失踪动物都视为确认死亡,就会把严重警讯说成证据尚不足以支撑的结论。
对繁殖情况的担忧早于最新统计。2026年2月16日,ABC报道说,研究人员调查一批波特杰克逊鲨疑似消失事件时,发现最近一个繁殖季没有发现卵。这引发了关于当地种群未来的另一个问题,但并未确定这些动物的命运。17
藻华的蔓延范围使这些局部缺失更值得关注。最初影响阿德莱德附近的弗勒里厄半岛后,藻华扩展至约克半岛、袋鼠岛、圣文森特湾以及斯宾塞湾部分区域。这并非仅限于一处海滩或一个潜水点的损害。5
稀有物种面临双重风险
大多数受影响物种的分布范围延伸至未受藻华影响的水域。这些种群可能成为动物返回的来源。对于天然数量较少或分布范围较小、且与受影响区域高度重叠的物种,情况则更严峻:它们可供返回的地区更少。1
矮棘鳐体现了这种脆弱性。潜水员戴维·缪尔黑德称,他在南澳大利亚水域已完成约2,000次潜水,并在藻华初期于埃迪斯伯勒码头附近拍到一条矮棘鳐。他此前从未见过这种鳐。矮棘鳐极为罕见,许多目击记录都来自拖网渔船将其捕捞上来时;它的分布范围很小,且大部分位于受影响的南澳大利亚水域。1
缪尔黑德担心自己可能目睹了一个物种的终结。科学家尚未确认这一结果。他的遭遇反而揭示了一项根本难题:要评估这场灾难对某种动物的影响,连经验丰富的观察者也几乎没有可供比较的基准信息。胡文纳斯向ABC表示,数量稀少或分布范围有限、且与藻华区域重叠的物种,可能面临“某种程度的灭绝风险”——这是对风险的警告,并非认定灭绝已经发生。1
正式保护方面也存在相关缺口。矮棘鳐和沿岸刺魟均未被列入澳大利亚《环境保护与生物多样性保护法》下的联邦受威胁物种名单。国际自然保护联盟则将沿岸刺魟列为濒危物种。这是不同的评估体系;未列入联邦名单并不推翻国际评估结果。1
联邦环境部门告诉ABC,其2026年评估周期专门邀请提名受藻华威胁的物种和生态群落,但这两个物种都没有收到提名。任何人都可以提名本土物种,但该流程要求提供科学证据,而种群信息不足妨碍了评估。1
联邦体系没有“数据不足”这一受威胁物种类别。如果证据太少,无法依照标准评估某一物种,该物种就会被判定为不符合列入资格。这意味着根据现有信息无法确认其符合资格,而不是认定该物种安全。因此,最难研究的动物也可能是最难评估是否应予保护的动物。13
一次目击尚不代表恢复
即使成功重新定居,也不一定意味着能够迅速恢复。胡文纳斯解释说,鲨鱼和鳐鱼通常成熟缓慢、繁殖不频繁,而且每胎幼崽数量较少。从未受影响水域迁来的动物,可能早在人们看到当地种群恢复到以往数量之前就已出现。1
因此,下一项有意义的检验,不只是看是否有人又拍到一条鳐。持续监测需要查明哪些动物仍在当地或已经返回、它们是否繁殖,以及种群数量是否回升。对于最稀有的物种,监测还必须填补妨碍保护评估的信息缺口。已记录的死亡案例显示了损失规模;仅凭目击记录,尚无法确定恢复规模。
来源13
ABC South Australia
- HeyDay News
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来自 13 家媒体的 18 个来源· 引用最多的优先
academia.edu2
- (PDF) 2025 -2026 Harmful Algal Bloom in South Australia: Report on Sharks and Rays data in the SA Marine Mortality Events 2025-26 project on iNaturalist | Academia
- (PDF) 2025 -2026 Harmful Algal Bloom in South Australia Report on Sharks and Rays data in the South Australian Marine Mortality Events 2025-26 project on iNaturalist | Academia
Elizabeth Ann Dinsdale, Microbiology Australia, 2026doi.org2
AAP Newsaap.com.au1
asnevents.com.au1
Australian Marine Conservation Societymarineconservation.org.au最先1
Department for Environment and Watersa.gov.au1
Great Southern Reefgreatsouthernreef.com1
Research @ Flindersflinders.edu.au1
the Guardiantheguardian.com1
播出原貌
- Citizen scientists recorded at least 8,250 dead sharks and rays in bloom-affected waters. In South Australia, researchers warn some local populations may have collapsed. Can surviving animals rebuild those populations, especially the rarest species?
- Marine ecologist Janine Baker led the tally for the Great Southern Reef Foundation. It draws on the South Australian Marine Mortality Events citizen-science project on iNaturalist, where people recorded dead marine animals. The foundation publicised the findings in October. These losses built up during the bloom.
- The reported losses include around 4,500 southern fiddler rays, 850 Port Jackson sharks and 670 wobbegongs. These are familiar animals living on or near the sea floor. Many were recorded after their bodies washed ashore.
- The foundation's minimum of 8,250 is the more precise version of the rounded figure, more than 8,200. Animals that died without being found or reported are missing. The foundation says the true toll is likely higher, but there's no reliable estimate of how much higher.
- The bloom spread far beyond one beach. It developed in March 2025 around the Fleurieu Peninsula, near Adelaide. It subsequently reached Yorke Peninsula, Kangaroo Island, Gulf St Vincent and parts of Spencer Gulf.
- Scientists identified a complex bloom that included Karenia cristata, an alga that produces toxins called brevetoxins. The death tally records animals found in affected waters. It doesn't tell us that every animal was individually tested for those toxins.
- Toxin analyses found forms of brevetoxin that hadn't previously been reported in Australian harmful algal blooms. Scientists are also investigating whether bacteria and viruses influence how these blooms develop. Their possible roles are still being explored.
- Charlie Huveneers, director of Flinders University's Marine and Coastal Research Consortium, says this was probably the largest mass mortality ever recorded for sharks and rays. That's his assessment of its possible historical scale. He's also concerned about animals his team tagged before the bloom.
- Huveneers says none of more than 150 tagged sharks and rays had returned twelve months later. His research concerns metropolitan populations of Port Jackson sharks and fiddler rays. Their absence adds another warning beyond the bodies found on beaches.
- Those missing animals could have died, moved elsewhere or gone undetected. Earlier, in February 2026, researchers were also investigating an apparent disappearance of Port Jackson sharks after no eggs were found in the recent breeding season. That deepened concern about local reproduction.
- Diver David Muirhead had completed around 2,000 dives in South Australian waters before encountering a pygmy thornback skate early in the bloom. He photographed it off Edithburgh Jetty. He'd never seen one before.
- The skate is exceptionally rarely seen, with many encounters happening when fishing trawlers bring one up. Its small range lies mostly within affected South Australian waters. Muirhead feared he could be witnessing the end of a species. Scientists haven't confirmed an extinction.
- The coastal stingaree is considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Australia's federal threatened-species list doesn't include it. The pygmy thornback skate also lacks a federal threatened listing. Those classifications use different assessment systems.
- Huveneers warns that animals with naturally small populations, or restricted ranges overlapping the bloom, could face some level of extinction. Most affected species have wider ranges extending into unaffected waters. Those surviving populations offer a possible route back, while restricted-range species have fewer places to survive.
- The federal government's 2026 assessment cycle specifically included species at risk from the bloom. But nobody nominated these two species. Anyone can nominate a native species under the federal environment law. A nomination needs scientific evidence about its population.
- Too little information has held up that process. The federal system has no data-deficient listing category. When there isn't enough evidence to assess eligibility, a species is found ineligible. So an unlisted, poorly studied species can still be in danger.
- Muirhead says many common bony fish and marine invertebrates are recovering. But he recalls seeing only one ray since the bloom, swimming under the steps at Second Valley. That's one experienced diver's observation, rather than a population survey.
- Other ray sightings also offer hope, but they can't yet show whether breeding populations are rebuilding. Sustained monitoring will need to track abundance and reproduction, especially among the rare species. Sharks and rays generally mature slowly, reproduce infrequently and have small litters. Animals arriving from unaffected waters could become visible again well before local populations regain their former numbers.
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