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科学 · SS United States号持续报道 · 第 2 篇,共 2 篇

SS United States号离开莫比尔,佛罗里达沉船计划提前一天

由于预计出现强风,沉放作业已提前至11月11日美国中部标准时间下午1时。拖航船队已经出发,但沉船作业、最终位置和公众潜水权限仍未得到确认。

文字 阅读需 8 分钟 · 47 个来源

原语言视频

译自英文原文。

自上次报道以来的变化

2 天后

现在

由于预计出现强风,沉放作业已提前至11月11日美国中部标准时间下午1时。拖航船队已经出发,但沉船作业、最终位置和公众潜水权限仍未得到确认。

几十年来,SS United States号一次又一次躲过失败的救援计划。如今,它预定的最后航程正提前进行:这艘远洋客轮已在拖带下离开阿拉巴马州莫比尔,奥卡卢萨县也把将其沉放在佛罗里达州近海、作为人工礁的行动提前了。周四预计出现的强风压缩了这艘未来数年一直争议不断的船只所剩的时间表。⁠1⁠3

沉放作业现定于2026年11月11日星期三美国中部标准时间下午1时开始,即协调世界时19:00。这是行动开始时间,并不意味着客轮届时就会沉入水下。计划仍取决于天气,船只抵达近海地点和沉没都尚未得到确认。⁠35⁠1

在11月8日的报道中,我们称沉放计划定于11月12日,作业于上午10时开始,具体时间取决于天气。该时间表现已作废。此前公布的星期三上午11时的初始时间也已更正:县政府更新后的通知指定美国中部标准时间下午1时,与WEAR目前的报道一致。官员表示,预计出现的强风和周四不安全的天气状况促使他们作出调整。⁠35⁠1

调整日程就能让我们安全、顺利地开展这项历史性沉放作业,因此完全没有理由去冒不必要的风险。

Trey Goodwin,奥卡卢萨县委员会主席 1

对观众而言有哪些变化

面向公众的送别仪式已取消。仪式原定于11月11日下午1时30分在德斯廷—沃尔顿堡海滩会议中心举行。取而代之的是,计划于星期三中午在德斯廷的AJ’s Seafood and Oyster Bar举办观赏活动,并在其大型户外屏幕上播放沉放地点的画面。这一活动取代了此前计划在星期四早晨举行的聚会。主办方承诺在沉放前提供线上观看链接;这并不意味着直播已经开始。⁠35

客轮于11月9日星期一上午离开莫比尔,回答了我们此前报道中悬而未决的启航问题。其计划目的地位于德斯廷西南约22海里、彭萨科拉东南约32海里处。县政府提出的坐标为30° 07.148′ N, 86° 46.755′ W。⁠1⁠6

我们还需要更正此前关于尚无精确坐标的说法:县政府已在10月26日的公告中公布了这一拟定位置。不过,这是计划中的沉放地点,并非经核实的最终落点。此前的估算认为海床位于水面以下约180英尺,最上层甲板位于水下约60英尺;这些并非实际沉船残骸的测量数据。⁠6

船只的长度也需要更正。NPR在11月8日的采访中称其长度接近900英尺;WEAR在11月10日的报道中称其接近1,000英尺。县政府给出的数据是990英尺,约合302米。这里所说的目标是打造世界上规模最大的专门沉放人工礁,而不是声称这一纪录已经实现。⁠4⁠1⁠6

对船只驾驶者而言,航行和沉放适用不同的限制。海岸警卫队规定,在11月6日至16日期间船只实际航行时,船只及参与拖航的船只周围设有100码的移动安全区。进入该区域需要获得授权,执法时间段会通过海事16频道公布。这项规定延伸至领海边界,即德斯廷近海约12海里处;计划中的人工礁地点位于更远的海域。该规定没有界定沉放地点周围的范围,也没有授权之后进行潜水。

县政府预计届时可能有数百艘船只到场,并指示旁观者在沉放地点听从安全船只的指引。公众何时可以开始潜水,尚无经核实的日期。观看拖航、观看沉放以及进入最终形成的沉船残骸,是三种不同活动;获准进行其中一项,不应被误认为也获准进行其他活动。⁠35

新的挑战,而非旧案

加快后的时间表出台之际,另一项独立的法律行动正试图阻止这一转变。11月3日,SS United States保护基金会及其联合创始人兼副主席Steven R. Perry在彭萨科拉联邦法院起诉美国陆军工程兵团、联邦官员和奥卡卢萨县。诉状要求叫停拖航和沉船,并以环境审查和历史保护为由推翻联邦批准。⁠41⁠42

这些原告并非SS United States保护协会;后者是支持人工礁与博物馆方案的前船主。这也不是我们11月8日报道中提到的纽约联盟诉讼。该旧案于2025年8月因原告缺乏诉讼资格而被驳回,并非依据环境或历史方面的实质问题作出裁决。该案之后是否上诉或重启,尚未得到核实;2026年11月的诉状是一起独立的挑战。⁠3⁠42⁠47

新原告依据联邦环境审查和历史保护法律,对陆军工程兵团10月2日的环境评估和许可证修改提出质疑。他们指出,该船于1999年被列入《国家历史名录》,并反对在人工礁决定尚未完成前移除船上的历史特征。他们要求重新审查,包括启动联邦历史保护磋商程序。⁠42

环境方面的指控主要涉及含铬涂层,尤其是铬酸锌和六价铬,以及这些物质可能对海洋生物、沉积物和食物网造成的影响,并可能波及食用海鲜的人。诉状引用了涂层检测结果,以及佛罗里达大学生物地球化学教授Todd Z. Osborne的评估。其中估算的59,334磅铬酸锌,是根据历史涂装规格以及有关表面积、覆盖率、涂层层数和成分的假设得出的。⁠42

这一估算并非对船上目前剩余数量的测量,也不是已释放到水中的数量,更不是对人体危害的预测。诉状还援引陆军工程兵团的立场:有限的样本无法确定整艘船上的存量,也无法确定船只沉没后物质释放的浓度和速率。现有记录表明双方对风险存在争议,并未证实海鲜受到污染,也没有证明风险不存在。⁠42

据报道,11月6日和11月7日,法院两次在不妨碍再次提出申请的情况下驳回了叫停行动的紧急请求;涉及的问题包括核实事实陈述,以及为县政府可能产生的泊位和延误费用提供足额保证金。此处尚未核实完整裁定和案卷。不能将据报作出的这些决定夸大成对案件实体问题的最终驳回,或法院对环境安全的认证;不妨碍再次申请的驳回,仍为重新提出请求留有余地。⁠44⁠46

在莫比尔,工作人员进行了大规模清理,并切开开口,以便船舱进水时空气和水能够快速、均匀地流动。县自然资源负责人Alex Fogg坚持认为,监管清洁要求已经满足,且没有可行的修复方案或资金。这些是县政府的立场,并非足以解决所有指控的认定,也不能证明所有保护替代方案都已穷尽。⁠3⁠4

永久决定的代价

财务情况仍不如航行安排明朗。CBS Philadelphia在11月8日的专题报道中称,购船花费100万美元,另花费1,300万美元为沉船作准备。我们此前的报道则称,县政府承诺投入1,010万美元,用于收购、运输、清理和沉放。这些数字日期和涵盖范围不同,不能证明最终账单已经审计。购船价格也必须与另行报道但尚未核实的博物馆拨款区分开来。⁠3⁠8⁠10

合同报道显示了费用如何变化。Get The Coast在2025年12月报道,一项295万美元的修正案使Coleen Marine原先的7,228,000美元合同增至10,178,000美元。其中约220万美元涉及将客轮从费城运出时产生的意外费用,包括拖航、泊位、保险、燃料和监管要求。2026年9月的一篇报道则称,合同又增加了一项1,242,000美元的修正案,使承包商合同金额达到11,420,000美元,其中包括截至12月31日的泊位使用权。最新签署的协议,以及该金额与CBS报道的1,300万美元准备费用之间如何对账,仍有待公布。⁠33⁠32

县政府称,资金来源是旅游收入和合作方捐款,而非地方房产税。住宿税仍然属于公共资金。捐款和承包商承诺的金额可能重叠,因此把所有公布的金额相加可能造成重复计算。要评估该项目的成本,仍需一份完整的分项预算、最终审计成本,以及对博物馆融资情况的清晰说明。⁠33

为这笔投资付出的代价不小。这艘客轮于1952年投入运营,在处女航中创下客轮横渡大西洋速度纪录,并搭载过四位美国总统和数万名乘客。随着航空旅行取代跨洋航行,该船于1969年退役,之后在费城停留近30年,期间的改建提案始终未能为其争取到长久的未来。⁠3

保护协会主席Susan Gibbs是设计师William Francis Gibbs的孙女,她支持将这段历史延续到人工礁和岸上博物馆中。拆下来的烟囱计划作为博物馆的展陈框架,馆藏物品将包括旅游舱吸烟休息室的酒吧。但博物馆目前仍只是计划。沉船将永久终结这艘客轮作为水面船只的生命;栖息地和游客消费带来的效益仍需衡量。星期三的作业可以决定船只的物理命运,却无法解决围绕这是否是正确选择的所有争论。⁠3

时间线

第 5 天 · 2 篇报道

事件时间线
  1. 最先报道

来源32

在此处引用的来源中,piratesandprincesses.net最先发布,比本报道播出早4天。 随后还有12家媒体发布。

13篇早期文章作为背景资料参阅。14家媒体未注明日期:CourtListenerpnj.comcivicweb.netdelawareonline.comDestin ChamberFederal Register

持续报道 · 第 2 篇,共 2 篇

按媒体查看所有来源

来自 32 家媒体的 47 个来源· 引用最多的优先

播出原貌
  1. The SS United States has left Mobile for a sinking now scheduled a day earlier. Forecast heavy winds have pushed the county to bring forward an operation intended to create the world's largest purpose-sunk artificial reef.
  2. On November 8, we reported a weather-dependent November 12 deployment, with operations beginning at ten a.m. That schedule has changed. What does the earlier operation mean for the ship, the legal challenge and people hoping to watch?
  3. Okaloosa County now schedules deployment operations for Wednesday, November 11, at one p.m. Central. That's when the operation begins. The time the liner actually disappears beneath the surface will depend on how the deployment unfolds.
  4. The county's updated schedule also corrects an earlier eleven a.m. listing. Officials moved the operation because they expect heavy winds and unsafe conditions Thursday.
  5. The liner left Mobile Monday morning, November 9. Its proposed destination is about 22 nautical miles southwest of Destin and 32 nautical miles southeast of Pensacola. Departure is confirmed, but arrival at the deployment site hasn't been announced.
  6. The county had published proposed coordinates in October. That corrects our earlier statement that exact coordinates weren't available. Those coordinates identify the planned site; the ship's final resting position will have to be confirmed after deployment.
  7. AJ's Seafood and Oyster Bar in Destin plans a noon viewing party Wednesday, with a deployment-site feed on its large outdoor screen. An online viewing link is promised before deployment. The noon gathering starts an hour before operations.
  8. The November 11 sendoff at the Destin–Fort Walton Beach Convention Center has been canceled. It had been scheduled for one-thirty p.m. The new viewing party replaces the earlier nine a.m. Thursday event.
  9. County Board Chairman Trey Goodwin says adjusting the schedule avoids unnecessary risk. He also emphasized the new Veterans Day date. The liner was designed for civilian service with the ability to take on a military role.
  10. The liner measures 990 feet, about 302 meters. That resolves the conflicting descriptions of nearly 900 and nearly 1,000 feet. The county intends it to become the world's largest purpose-sunk artificial reef.
  11. Earlier plans put the seabed about 180 feet below the surface and the upper decks about 60 feet down. Those are projected depths. The county expects the wreck to attract divers and provide habitat, with benefits still to be measured.
  12. The nearby USS Oriskany became a dive site in 2006. Okaloosa County already has more than 500 artificial reefs. That existing network helps explain the appeal to dive operators of adding a liner of this size and history.
  13. A new lawsuit seeks to stop that transformation. On November 3, the SS United States Preservation Foundation and its co-founder and vice president, Steven R. Perry, sued the Army Corps of Engineers, federal officials and Okaloosa County in federal court in Pensacola.
  14. The New York Coalition's earlier case was dismissed in August 2025 because it lacked standing to sue. The Foundation's November 2026 complaint is a separate challenge. The SS United States Conservancy, which supports the reef-and-museum approach, previously owned the ship.
  15. The new plaintiffs want federal approvals overturned and a court order stopping the tow and sinking. They challenge the Army Corps' October 2 environmental assessment and permit modification under federal environmental-review and historic-preservation laws.
  16. The ship's 1999 National Register listing is central to the preservation argument. The plaintiffs also object to historic features being removed before the reef decision was complete. They seek renewed review, including the federal historic-preservation consultation process.
  17. The environmental allegations focus on chromium-bearing coatings, particularly zinc chromate and hexavalent chromium. The plaintiffs argue these could affect marine organisms and sediments, with consequences reaching the food web and potentially people eating seafood.
  18. The complaint cites coating tests and an assessment by University of Florida biogeochemistry professor Todd Z. Osborne. Its 59,334-pound zinc chromate estimate uses historical painting specifications and assumptions about surface area, coverage, coats and paint composition.
  19. That estimate doesn't measure what's aboard today or predict how much would enter the water. The Army Corps says the limited samples can't determine the vessel-wide inventory or the concentration and rate of release after sinking.
  20. Emergency requests to stop the operation were reportedly denied without prejudice on November 6 and again November 7. Issues included verification of the factual submission and an adequate bond to protect the county against continued berthing and delay costs.
  21. Those decisions allow renewed requests and don't settle the environmental claims. The county is continuing with deployment plans.
  22. Crews in Mobile performed extensive work to remove environmental contaminants. They also cut openings throughout the ship so air and water can move quickly and evenly during flooding. That preparation has made the planned sinking physically concrete.
  23. County Natural Resources Chief Alex Fogg says the ship meets regulatory cleaning requirements. He also says restoration had no viable plan or funding. Those are the county's positions as it pursues the reef over the objections of the new plaintiffs.
  24. The ship itself cost one million dollars. Preparation is reportedly another thirteen million dollars. Those figures still haven't been reconciled with earlier county commitments and contractor amendments into a final project bill.
  25. Coleen Marine's original contract was $7,228,000. A December 2025 amendment added $2,950,000, bringing that contractor commitment to $10,178,000. The work covered remediation, preparation, transport and deployment.
  26. The amendment included $2,766,712 in identified costs and $183,288 in contingency. About $2.2 million was attributed to unexpected costs associated with getting the liner out of Philadelphia.
  27. The explanations included more numerous or expensive towing requirements, extra dockage, insurance, fuel and regulatory requirements. A March 2026 account still described the contractor amount as about $10.1 million. A later amendment raised it again.
  28. A September 15 amendment reportedly added $1,242,000, bringing the contractor amount to $11,420,000. It included berth availability through December 31. The executed amendment and a reconciliation with the later thirteen-million-dollar preparation figure haven't been made clear.
  29. The earlier $10.1 million county commitment covered acquisition, transport, cleaning and sinking. These dated commitments can overlap. Adding each appropriation, contract amount and partner contribution would risk counting the same expense more than once.
  30. Reported contributions include two million dollars from the Fish and Wildlife Foundation of Florida. Visit Pensacola committed $1.5 million, including construction and marketing support. Coastal Conservation Association Florida contributed $500,000, its largest single donation in its forty-year history.
  31. The county says tourism revenue and partner contributions fund the project rather than local property taxes. Tourism bed taxes are still public revenue. A complete itemized budget and final audited cost remain outstanding, along with a clear account of museum financing.
  32. The SS United States carried four American presidents and tens of thousands of passengers. It entered service in 1952 and set the passenger-liner transatlantic speed record on its maiden voyage. It retains that record.
  33. Air travel displaced ocean crossings, and the liner left service in 1969. It later spent almost thirty years in Philadelphia while museum, restaurant and redevelopment proposals failed to secure a lasting future. Sinking would end its life as an above-water ship.
  34. Conservancy president Susan Gibbs is the granddaughter of William Francis Gibbs, the ship's designer. She supports carrying its history into the reef and an onshore museum. She says the liner still casts a spell.
  35. The removed funnels are intended to form bookends of the planned museum. Its artifacts would include the bar from the tourist-class smoking lounge. The museum remains a plan, with its complete financing and opening still unresolved.
  36. The Coast Guard has established a 100-yard moving safety zone around the ship and participating tow vessels during active transit. Entry requires authorization. The rule operates within a November 6 through November 16 window, with enforcement periods announced on marine channel sixteen.
  37. That moving restriction extends through the territorial-sea boundary, about twelve nautical miles offshore of Destin. The planned sinking site lies farther out. The safety-zone rule deals with tow traffic; its environmental exemption concerns that rule's effects.
  38. The county anticipates hundreds of vessels could attend and tells bystanders to follow the safety boats at the deployment site. The moving tow zone doesn't define the sinking-site perimeter or authorize diving afterward.
  39. The tow has departed, the sendoff is canceled, and Wednesday's one p.m. Central operation remains weather-dependent. Submergence and the final resting position still need confirmation. The county hasn't announced when public diving will open.

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