国际 · 俄罗斯能源制裁持续报道 · 第 4 篇，共 4 篇

特朗普暂停大部分对俄新制裁，承诺的柴油减负尚未得到证实

特朗普暂缓了对莫斯科即将施加的大部分制裁压力。承诺的柴油交付和持久节省仍未得到证实，而一项两党支持的阻止法案仍待处理。

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持续报道第 13 天

4 篇报道341 家媒体853 个来源174 个视频

完整报道
  1. 第 1 次更新特朗普以价值不足美国一天需求量的柴油为由，要求乌克兰更换总统
  2. 第 2 次更新特朗普宣布能源停火。乌克兰报告称6处能源设施遭到袭击。
  3. 第 3 次更新俄罗斯袭击后基辅恢复计划停电，但尚未全面恢复
  4. 第 4 次更新特朗普暂停大部分对俄新制裁，承诺的柴油减负尚未得到证实当前位置

自上次报道以来的变化

3 天后

当时

俄罗斯袭击后基辅恢复计划停电，但尚未全面恢复

我们当时说尚无定论的问题

  1. 尚未证实交付已经完成、消费者获得持久节省、情报暂停已经落实，或互惠能源停火已经生效。

    尚无定论

    已完成的交付和持久的消费者节省仍未得到证实；全面情报暂停已落实，以及互惠能源停火已生效，也都尚未得到确认。报道提到通信受到限制，但特朗普否认停止了情报共享，乌克兰则称俄罗斯在其暂停期间仍继续发动袭击。 843354847

  2. 下一个有明确日期的检验节点是10月12日：欧洲是否采纳拟议制裁，而华盛顿是否落实、修改或放弃其所报告的情报条件。

    尚无定论

    我们10月15日的报道播出时，10月12日这一节点已经过去；SBS后续报道提到欧盟宣布制裁，但未能证明我们此前指出的具体提案已最终通过。华盛顿所报告的情报条件如何处理仍未解决，特朗普否认情报共享已经停止。 3648

现在

特朗普暂缓了对莫斯科即将施加的大部分制裁压力。承诺的柴油交付和持久节省仍未得到证实，而一项两党支持的阻止法案仍待处理。

新的进展

  • 特朗普签署范围更广的制裁豁免。格雷戈里·W·米克斯提出旨在阻止柴油交易的法案。
  • 原定制裁生效日到来，大部分新措施仍被暂缓。

在证明其承诺的俄罗斯柴油能够送达买家或降低他们的账单之前，唐纳德·特朗普已暂停实施新一轮俄罗斯制裁方案中的大部分措施。暂停即将生效的制裁是确凿事实；他为此辩护时提出的燃油价格优惠则尚未得到证实。4 843

特朗普于2026年10月16日签署行政命令，距相关措施原定生效仅两天。该命令暂停了他不到一个月前签署的一项法律中的大部分措施，暂不对俄罗斯能源收入、外国买家及其他俄罗斯利益施加新的压力。议员已提出两党立法，意在阻止柴油安排，但国会尚未通过推翻该安排的法案。20 27 835

10月15日，我们报道了财政部临时允许符合条件的俄罗斯柴油交易、进口限制仍存在未解问题，以及尚无已确认的买家、合同或交付。如今的变化是更广泛的制裁放宽以及一项具体的立法挑战——并无证据表明，宣布的燃料安排已成为实际运作的贸易。

从制裁法到暂停措施

  1. 2026年9月18日

    特朗普签署《林赛·O·格雷厄姆2026年制裁俄罗斯和伊朗法案》。

    464627
  2. 2026年10月9日

    财政部发布第135号一般许可证；特朗普宣布俄罗斯柴油安排。

    254843
  3. 2026年10月16日

    特朗普签署范围更广的制裁豁免。格雷戈里·W·米克斯提出旨在阻止柴油交易的法案。

    204844
  4. 2026年10月18日

    原定制裁生效日到来，大部分新措施仍被暂缓。

    274

暂停实施，而非废除

这一区别很重要：格雷厄姆法案仍是现行法律，其他现行美国制裁也仍然有效。被推迟的方案涉及的不仅是柴油，还包括俄罗斯能源行业、金融机构、官员和寡头，以及维持其出口的影子油轮船队。所述制裁对象包括弗拉基米尔·普京和由俄罗斯政府控制的实体。目前没有一份完整且经核实的逐条说明，列明行政命令之后哪些规定仍可执行。27 28 32 26

该方案还试图对购买俄罗斯能源的外国买家施加影响；讨论中提到中国和印度这两大买家。一项经核实的条款——《美国法典》第22编第10813(a)条——要求在9月18日起30天内采取行动，将来自受涵盖国家的所有美国商品进口关税提高至“最高100%的从价税率”。这是上限，并非强制统一征收100%关税；其适用范围也不止燃料。完整的国家认定规则尚未得到核实。28 828

各方报道对关税条款的说法不同。美国广播公司新闻10月17日的节目称，对进口俄罗斯燃料征收500%关税；路透社同日报道称，对俄罗斯最大的5个油气进口国征收最高100%的关税。经核实的按国家划分的条款支持后者所说的税率上限，但不能证明两种说法指的是不同条款。尚未确认有相应的、可实际执行的500%燃料关税条款。25 29 828

国会确实赋予总统豁免权。第10815条允许在满足相关条件的情况下豁免制裁、限制和关税，其中包括事先向国会提交文件，以及书面证明符合国家利益。特朗普援引了这一理由，但尚无证据表明存在详细的公开解释，也未能证明所有法定条件均已满足。该法另行要求在30天内首次审查可能适用规定的人员和船只，此后每180天审查一次；这一要求本身并不是特朗普豁免对象的清单。853 829 30

BBC报道称，这些豁免将持续“直至另行通知”。一名未透露姓名的共和党参议员告诉SBS新闻，特朗普希望用60天评估关税对美国和全球经济的影响，包括对印度的影响。这只是对拟议评估安排的解释，并非经核实的到期日期。32 2

三层法律安排，尚无交易完成

财政部10月9日发布的第135号一般许可证是另一项独立文件。它涉及俄罗斯原产柴油的销售、交付、卸货和进口，并在例外情形之外，授权符合条件的活动适用两套制裁条例。贸易报道将其期限说到2027年4月7日，但完整的除外条款和到期条款尚未得到独立核实。它并非允许通过每家银行或与每个俄罗斯实体进行不受限制交易的通行证。254 306 261

更广泛的行政豁免也没有解决另一个独立问题：2022年进口法的适用情况。《终止进口俄罗斯石油法》仍未改变。苏珊·柯林斯表示，国会事先未就柴油安排受到咨询；《国会山报》的亚历山大·博尔顿则认为，未进行咨询违反了该法对豁免的要求。唐·培根也表示，购买俄罗斯柴油将违反美国法律。这些是影响重大的法律异议，而不是已经报道的法院判决；目前尚无裁决厘清该法、财政部许可证与后来的豁免如何相互作用。825 34 17

法律许可也无法凭空变出可供出售的燃料。特朗普于10月9日宣布这项安排，并称普京已同意“立即”供应柴油。然而，目前尚无证据表明有买家、已签署的采购合同、已完成的货运或付款。相关说法有时指美国市场，有时指全球市场，有时又指世界市场，因此目的地仍未确定。843

这些数量也不能构成可靠的交付计划。CNBC报道称，提议的数量为480万吨，即近3600万桶。10月17日，OilAuthority的一篇报道提到承诺供应180万吨；博尔顿估计不到400万吨。这些数字可能涵盖不同期限或组成部分，但没有经核实的合同能够将它们对应起来。不能安全地把它们相加，也不能称为已交付燃料。834 840 34

与美国消费量相比，这些数量相当于约一天到大约十天或不到两周的用量。一天用量这一换算尚未经过独立核实。彭博转述的俄罗斯官员估计交付需两到三周，同样不是经确认的到货时间表。获准交易距离形成可用供应仍有好几道环节。34 837 834 27

价格方面的依据同样只是预测。美国全国公共广播电台报道称，高盛估计批发价可能每桶降低1–2美元。完整的价格基准、假设条件和持续时间都不明确，这一预测也不是经测量得出的美国零售柴油价格节省额。美国前制裁协调员丹尼尔·弗里德也质疑这项安排是否会降低价格，并认为其政治效用可能超过经济效果。这是他的解读，并非特朗普作出决定的已证实动机。51 837 24

国会提出异议，但尚未推翻相关措施

弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基指责特朗普“奖励普京”，警告称不施加压力可能鼓励俄罗斯继续战争，并敦促支持恢复相关措施。他认为柴油提议几乎无法缓解价格或供应问题，却可能为俄罗斯的战争提供资金，并为天然气交易开创先例。克里姆林宫特使基里尔·德米特里耶夫则称，暂停措施为对话打开了空间。两方的回应都不能证明已经测得任何经济或军事影响。19 28 35 26

共和党批评者包括汤姆·蒂利斯、丽莎·穆尔科斯基、约翰·科宁和柯林斯。民主党人理查德·布卢门撒尔否定了国家安全方面的理由。实质性反对意见跨越党派：不应为了获得更便宜的燃料而把钱送进普京的口袋。53 34 2 16

10月15日，5名众议院共和党人——培根、布赖恩·菲茨帕特里克、迈克尔·麦考尔、丹·纽豪斯和乔·威尔逊——以及17名民主党人敦促特朗普取消这项安排。他们在这封信上的签名，并不意味着他们是阻止法案的共同提案人。菲茨帕特里克另行承诺发起解签请愿，推动众议院投票，但尚无证据表明请愿已经完成或阻止法案的投票已排期。836 850

格雷戈里·W·米克斯于10月16日提出《禁止腐败俄罗斯石油交易法》。该法公布的条款将禁止美国国际开发金融公司投资俄罗斯能源；其他说法还包括撤销财政部许可证，并强制实施针对俄罗斯能源的制裁。完整条款和例外情形尚未得到确认。提出法案是实质性的一步，但不会取消该许可证，也不会恢复已被豁免的制裁方案。844 845

泽连斯基表示，与美国谈判人员的会谈仍在继续，不过他预计对俄制裁放宽也将继续。目前尚未出现恢复相关措施的协议。眼下，政府暂缓了对莫斯科即将施加的额外压力，却没有证明承诺的燃料能够交付，或为买家带来持久节省。这正是该政策仍须作出解释的失衡之处。15 843

播出原貌 30 行
  1. On October 15, we reported temporary permission for Russian diesel. Trump has now suspended most new Russia sanctions. He signed the broader waiver on October 16, two days before the measures were due to start.
  2. The decision holds back new pressure on Russian energy revenue while the administration promotes Russian diesel as relief from expensive fuel. Lawmakers have introduced a bill to block that arrangement. Will the easing deliver usable fuel and meaningful savings for buyers?
  3. Trump signed the sanctions law less than a month before putting most of its new measures on hold. Its name is the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026. Congress enacted it on September 18.
  4. The law remains enacted, alongside other existing US sanctions. The delayed package reaches Russia's energy sector, financial institutions, officials and oligarchs. Its described targets also include Putin, Russian-government-controlled entities and the shadow fleet of tankers sustaining Russian exports.
  5. China and India are among the major Russian energy buyers discussed as targets of the package. The intended pressure extends through foreign purchasers, reaching trade that supplies Moscow with revenue while Russia continues its war against Ukraine.
  6. One provision allows duties of up to 100 percent on all goods imported from covered countries. That ceiling reaches beyond fuel. The wording allows a rate up to 100 percent, rather than requiring a flat 100 percent charge.
  7. The law requires action within 30 days of September 18. Descriptions identify major Russian oil and gas buyers, sometimes the five largest. The precise country-selection rules aren't clear enough to identify every country that would qualify.
  8. The tariff descriptions also differ: 500 percent on Russian fuel, versus up to 100 percent on imports from covered countries. A separate 500 percent fuel-duty provision hasn't been confirmed, and it's unclear whether these descriptions concern different provisions.
  9. Congress gave the president authority to waive sanctions, restrictions and duties, subject to conditions. Those include submitting material to Congress before a waiver, with written certification that it serves the national interest. Trump invoked that national-interest rationale.
  10. He hasn't publicly explained in detail why withholding these measures serves that interest. The law also requires an initial review of potentially covered people and vessels within 30 days, then every 180 days, followed by sanctions on those who qualify.
  11. The 2022 Russian-energy import restriction remains unchanged. Treasury's diesel license permits qualifying activity under specified sanctions regulations. Trump's later order withholds much of the new sanctions package. A proposed US import still has to satisfy the restrictions that apply to it.
  12. The broader waiver reportedly lasts until further notice. A Republican senator says Trump wants 60 days to assess tariffs' effects on the US and global economies, including those affecting India. That explanation supplies no confirmed expiration date for the order.
  13. Treasury issued General License 135 on October 9. It concerns the sale, delivery, offloading and importation of Russian-origin diesel. Its authorization applies under two sets of sanctions regulations and includes exceptions, limiting which transactions can qualify.
  14. The license's reported endpoint is April 7, 2027, separate from the broader waiver's open-ended duration. Its conditions still restrict the transactions permitted. The license gives companies a legal opening, while leaving the separate import-law dispute unresolved.
  15. Susan Collins says Congress wasn't consulted in advance about the diesel arrangement. Critics argue the 2022 import law requires presidential justification and consultation for a waiver. Don Bacon says buying Russian diesel would violate US law. No court ruling has resolved that dispute.
  16. Trump announced the arrangement on October 9 and said Putin had agreed to supply diesel immediately. Early announced quantities included 300,000 tons immediately and another 300,000 in October, followed by 500,000 in November and a further million afterward.
  17. Later proposed totals grew, but they still haven't become a confirmed contractual schedule. The differing quantities may cover different periods or parts of the arrangement. They can't safely be added together.
  18. Proposed totals range from 1.8 million tonnes to 4.8 million metric tons, with the larger figure described as nearly 36 million barrels. Another estimate puts the amount below four million tons. None of those figures represents confirmed deliveries.
  19. Consumption comparisons conflict too, ranging from about one day's US diesel use to roughly ten days or under two weeks. The one-day conversion hasn't been confirmed. Russia's roughly ten-percent share of global seaborne diesel before the war also says little about available supply now.
  20. Russian officials estimate delivery could take two or three weeks. Nobody has confirmed a completed shipment or payment. Trump has alternated between the American and global marketplace and the world market, leaving the destination and delivery timetable unclear.
  21. A buyer and executed purchase contract still haven't been identified. The legal permissions create an opportunity to trade. Whether companies actually use it will determine how much additional fuel reaches buyers and how much revenue Russia receives.
  22. One forecast puts the possible price effect at one to two dollars per barrel. Its benchmark and duration are unclear. Buyers haven't received a demonstrated US retail diesel-price saving that can be attributed to either the arrangement or the broader waiver.
  23. Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls the waiver wrong and accuses Trump of rewarding Putin. He argues the diesel proposal would do little for prices or global supply, while potentially funding Russia's war and opening the way to future gas deals.
  24. He warns that withholding sanctions could encourage Moscow to continue the war and urges support to restore the pressure. He says US negotiations are continuing, although he expects sanctions relief toward Russia to continue. No agreement to restore the measures has emerged.
  25. Former US sanctions coordinator Daniel Fried also questions whether the arrangement will lower prices. He suggests its political usefulness could exceed its economic result. Kremlin envoy Kirill Dmitriev welcomes the suspension as an opening for dialogue. Those are competing judgments about its consequences.
  26. Republican critics include Thom Tillis, Lisa Murkowski and John Cornyn, alongside Collins. Democrat Richard Blumenthal rejects the national-security rationale. Republican objections also challenge the fuel-price argument, warning against pursuing cheaper fuel by putting money into Putin's pocket.
  27. Twenty-two House members urged Trump to cancel the arrangement on October 15. The five Republicans were Don Bacon, Brian Fitzpatrick, Michael McCaul, Dan Newhouse and Joe Wilson. Seventeen Democrats joined them. A bipartisan blocking bill followed on October 16.
  28. Those letter signatories aren't automatically sponsors of the bill. Fitzpatrick separately pledged on October 10 to seek a House vote through a discharge petition, a procedure for bringing legislation to the floor. A blocking vote hasn't been scheduled.
  29. Gregory Meeks introduced the Prohibit Corrupt Russia Oil Deals Act. Its announced provisions would bar the US International Development Finance Corporation from investing in Russian energy. Other descriptions include revoking Treasury licenses and requiring sanctions on Russian energy.
  30. Congress hasn't enacted a reversal, and introducing the bill leaves the Treasury license in place. Most new sanctions pressure scheduled for October 18 has been withheld. The promised fuel delivery and lasting savings for buyers still haven't been demonstrated.

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